"The overriding objective of the CPR is that the court should deal with cases justly. That includes, so far as is practicable, ensuring that each case is dealt with not only expeditiously but justly. Amendments in general ought to be allowed so that the real dispute between the parties can be adjudicated upon provided that any prejudice to the other party [or parties] caused by the amendment can be compensated for in costs, and the public interest in the [efficient] administration of justice is not significantly harmed."
"... in previous eras it was more readily assumed that if the amending party paid his opponent the costs of an adjournment that was sufficient compensation to that opponent. In the modern era it is more readily recognised that in truth the payment of the costs of an adjournment may well not adequately compensate someone who is desirous of being rid of a piece of litigation which has been hanging over his head for some time, and may not adequately compensate him for being totally (and we are afraid there are no better words for it) 'mucked around' at the last moment. Furthermore, the courts are now much more conscious that in assessing the justice of a particular case, the disruption caused to other litigants by last minute adjournments and last minute applications have also to be brought into the scales."
"Equally when a case has been prepared with witness statements and experts' reports on one way of putting the case, it is harsh to criticise advisors of the defendants for asserting that they would need some period in which to examine the extent to which the amendments affected them and their witnesses. The periods laid down for production of witness statements and experts' reports are there so that they can be served on the other side in good time and so that the conduct of a trial can be as expeditious as possible. Forcing a party to look again at those statements and the experts' reports at the same time as conducting the trial is not fair or conducive to the efficient conduct of the trial."
"We accept that at the end of the day a balance has to be struck. The court is concerned with doing justice, but justice to all litigants, and thus where a last minute amendment is sought with the consequences indicated, the onus will be a heavy one on the amending party to show the strength of the new case and why justice both both to him, his opponent and other litigants, requires him to be able to pursue it."
"As the court said, it is always a question of striking a balance. I would not accept that the court in that case sought to lay down an inflexible rule that a very late amendment to plead a new case, not resulting from some late disclosure or new evidence, can only be justified on the basis that the existing case cannot succeed and the new case is the only arguable way of putting forward the claim. That would be too dogmatic an approach to a question which is always one of balancing the relevant factors. However, I do accept that the court is and should be less ready to allow a very late amendment than it used to be in former times, and that a heavy onus lies on a party seeking to make a very late amendment to justify it, as regards his own position, that of the other parties to the litigation, and that of other litigants in other cases before the court."
"It is not as though the liquidators' case in these proceedings has been inadequately analysed so that the amendment requested, although late, is necessary to give coherence to that case, in order that 'the real dispute can be adjudicated upon'. On the contrary, the amendments are merely further examples of that 'real dispute'”..."
"... a judge is entitled to weigh in the balance the strain the litigation imposes on litigants, particularly if they are personal litigants rather than business corporations, the anxieties occasioned by facing new issues, the raising of false hopes, and the legitimate expectation that the trial will determine the issues one way or the other."