Niki Christodoulides v CP Christou LLP & Anor [2023] EWHC 1285 (KB)

“3.4 (1) In this rule and rule 3.5, reference to a statement of case includes reference to part of a statement of case. (2) The court may strike out a statement of case if it appears to the court – (a) that the statement of case discloses no reasonable grounds for bringing or defending the claim; (b) that the statement of case is an abuse of the court’s process or is otherwise likely to obstruct the just disposal of the proceedings; … 24.2 The court may give summary judgment against a claimant or defendant on the whole of a claim or on a particular issue if – (a) it considers that – (i) that claimant has no real prospect of succeeding on the claim or issue …” (1) In this rule and rule 3.5, reference to a statement of case includes reference to part of a statement of case. (2) The court may strike out a statement of case if it appears to the court – (a) that the statement of case discloses no reasonable grounds for bringing or defending the claim; (b) that the statement of case is an abuse of the court’s process or is otherwise likely to obstruct the just disposal of the proceedings; … 24.2 The court may give summary judgment against a claimant or defendant on the whole of a claim or on a particular issue if – (a) it considers that – (i) that claimant has no real prospect of succeeding on the claim or issue …”

“3. As for the Transfer Claim each alternative relied upon by Niki to give her capacity to sue depends on the Calumny Claim failing and Agni's Will not therefore being set aside. Procedurally, I have appointed Niki to represent Agni's estate for the purpose of this trial so that Agni's estate will be bound by the result whatever the outcome. Although I had hesitation in appointing Niki to a representative capacity because her personal interest inhibited the balanced view expected of a representative party, I accepted the encouragement of both parties when the issue was canvassed in closing submissions that Niki was the only party with an interest in upholding Agni's Will and it was desirable to appoint her so that there could be a final determination.”

“6.5. When Agni made a will excluding Andre from benefit a few days before her death and leaving everything to Niki, her intention [according to Andre] was still to ensure a more even distribution of her estate between her daughters. The exclusion of Andre was because Agni believed that Andre had stolen assets from her or, if it be different, helped herself to use the words of the professional will writer. 6.6. Agni's belief was based upon fraudulent misrepresentations by Niki that Andre had either stolen or taken a large amount of money from her. These fraudulent misrepresentations poisoned Agni's mind to exclude Andre.” misrepresentations poisoned Agni's mind to exclude Andre.”

“7. Niki's response is to deny that she made any representations to her mother at all, at least any which she did not honestly believe were true. She tried to keep her mother calm and insulate and protect her from the distress caused by what Andre did. Agni excluded Andre from her will because that was her desire and, whatever she may have believed, it was not because Niki had poisoned her mind against Andre by fraudulent misrepresentations.”

“9.5 Niki alleges that Andre was a solicitor. Agni respected and looked up to Andre. Andre procured the execution of the transfer by giving advice to her mother that if she did not execute the transfer, the house would be swallowed up in tax when she died. Andre exerted pressure on Agni to execute the transfer immediately. … 10. Andre completely disputes the factual basis of the claim. … 12. As to the allegations of advice, Andre accepts that she qualified and practised as a solicitor but she had, to her mother's knowledge, retired from practice at least 10 years before these events and she was not advising her mother at all. The only role she took on was the one of implementing her mother's wishes by preparing the transfer. She did not say that there would be any tax advantage in Agni giving her share of Hazelmead to her daughters — she believed that there would be no such advantage for IHT purposes as her mother, who had serious health problems, was unlikely to survive for even a year. Equally, reserving the ability to use Hazelmead would mean that the gift would not work for IHT purposes. She was simply implementing the desire of her mother to give away to both of her children many of her assets in her lifetime and enjoy the pleasure of giving. … 14. So in summary, Andre says: 14.1. Her participation in the process of the transfer was as a daughter and not as an adviser — the fact that she happened to be a solicitor before she retired 10 years before the transfer is an irrelevance. She gave no advice and was under no duty to advise. All she did was to implement her mother's wishes by drawing up a transfer. She says that Niki has failed to satisfy the first requirement for the presumption to arise because there was no relationship of influence.”

“1. This is a dispute about the extent of the assets in the estate of Agni Iacovou (‘Agni’) who died on 9 August 2012. Her two daughters, the claimant Androulla Marcou (‘Andre’), and the defendant Niki Christodoulides (‘Niki’), are entitled to those net assets equally on her intestacy. Andre claims by these proceedings that those assets include £336,011.97 which Niki has treated as hers. Niki’s response is that £167,769.19 was given as a gift to her by Agni on 18 June 2012. The rest is money to which, she says, she was jointly entitled with Agni and which has now become hers by the right of survivorship.”

“20. I start with the first sum and the question whether the £167,796.19 was a gift to Niki. I have reached the clear conclusion having heard the evidence that this sum was not a gift to Niki.”

“4. In or around September 2012, the Claimant instructed the First Defendant to act for her in relation to three claims concerning the validity of her mother's will, the transfer of her interest in the family home ("Hazelmead"), and her expenses concerning a property known as West Green Road (‘WGR’) (collectively ‘the three claims’). … 7. On 1st August 2013, Mrs Androulla Marcou, the Claimant's sister had issued a claim against her regarding WGR (claim numbers HC14D02382 and A10CL026). On 17th June 2014, the Claimant issued claims against Mrs Marcou concerning their mother's will and Hazelmead (claim numbers A10CL026 and B10CL246). … 9. On or around 25th May 2016, the First Defendant was further retained by the Claimant to act for her in relation to an application by Mrs Marcou dated 5th March 2015 regarding the Claimant's directorship of Tiebridge Property Company Limited (‘Tiebridge’) pursuant to section 994 of the Companies Act 2006 (petition number 1697 of 2015 in the Chancery Division of the High Court). The Second Defendant was not instructed in these separate proceedings.”

“For the avoidance of doubt, it is recognised that the earlier stages of the retainers and instructions fall outside of the relevant limitation period. This claim is concerned with the Defendants' acts and omissions during the preparation for the trial in 2016 and the conduct of the trial itself which took place in December 2016.”

“The Defendants breached the implied terms of the retainers and instructions. Further or alternatively, the Defendants were negligent in breach of their duty of care in tort as set out below.”

“a) The Claimant provided a large volume of documents to the First Defendant that were relevant to the central issues in the three claims. The First Defendant omitted to ensure that these documents were included in the final trial bundles, thereby materially prejudicing the outcome of the three claims. A comprehensive list of the missing documents is at annex 1. This includes an explanation as to why each of these items was of material relevance to an issue in the case. For the avoidance of doubt, it is averred that the First Defendant cannot simply rely on any Disclosure Lists, as it was their responsibility to ensure that such records were accurate, that they were updated if necessary and that all relevant documents made their way into the final trial bundle. The First Defendant attended a 3 - day meeting at the offices of Mrs Marcou's [ie, Andre] solicitor on 17th 18th and 20th November 2016 to put together the trial bundles, which was inappropriately attended by Mrs Marcou. The Claimant was not invited. The First Defendant allowed Mrs Marcou and her solicitor to dictate the process and the Claimant had no involvement whatsoever, leading to the negligent omission of the relevant documents. Whilst the primary duty for preparing the bundles lay with the First Defendant, the Second Defendant had an oversight role (having been instructed in 2014), and ought to have appreciated that there were many relevant documents that were not in the final trial bundles. A competent barrister acting in the Claimant's best interests would have drawn the omissions to the attention of the First Defendant. The Second Defendant failed to do so.” b. Paragraph 14(b): “b) Several documents that were eventually included in the final trial bundle had been edited and / or redacted by Mrs Marcou and / or her representatives, with some handwritten additions. A comprehensive list of the documents that had been edited and / or redacted and / or written on is at annex 2 with a note of the relevance of each of them to the issues at hand. The Defendants ought not to have permitted the editing / redaction of documents and should have objected to such a course. Only clean copies of the documents ought to have been before the judge. This further materially prejudiced the outcome of the three claims. For the avoidance of doubt, it is denied that Mrs Marcou's handwritten additions were translation corrections for the most part, as a number of words including inaccurate references to threats were added above the objections of the professional translator. In any event, this would not be a proper way to present translated documents to the court.” c. Paragraph 14(c) alleges that the Defendants misadvised Niki on the civil standard of proof required to prove fraudulent calumny and that this ‘affected the Claimant's decision to continue with the proceedings.’ d. Paragraph 14(d) alleges: “d) During the course of the trial, the Defendants agreed a hands down settlement of the WGR matter in the absence of any instructions from the Claimant. The First Defendant wrongly informed the Second Defendant that the claim was only worth £5,000 (and was therefore not worth proceeding with), whereas it was in fact for the sum of £14,001.58. This was apparent from the Particulars of Claim and a letter of 25th April 2014, which is at annex 3. Additional sums had also been incurred in relation to the property since that time. The Defendants failed to take account of this or obtain instructions in relation to the same.” e. Paragraph 14(e): “e) The First Defendant omitted to obtain witness statements from several supporting witnesses who could have given relevant evidence at trial which would have made a material difference to the outcome. The First Defendant failed to contact any witnesses regarding the WGR matter at all. A list of these missing witnesses with a short summary of the useful evidence that they might have given is at annex 4.” f. Paragraph 14(j): “j) The Defendants completely failed to prepare the Claimant or any of her witnesses for the trial. None of the Claimant's witnesses was provided with a copy of their witness statement to read beforehand and they were not given access to the trial bundle. The Claimant did not personally have sight of the trial bundle until she took the witness stand. This affected her credibility and that of her witnesses in the eyes of the judge and undermined the three claims.” g. Paragraph 14(k): “k) The First Defendant was aware that the Claimant suffered from partial deafness in one ear. Despite this, they omitted to obtain relevant medical evidence from Addenbrookes Hospital or put in place appropriate reasonable adjustments (such as a hearing loop) in the courtroom. This was raised at the start of the trial hearing, but the Second Defendant failed to make any request for such adjustments. It was obvious that the Claimant was struggling to hear some of the questions put by counsel and the judge, and this seriously prejudiced how her evidence was viewed by the court.” h. Paragraph 14(m): “m) The Defendants completely failed to agree a proper trial timetable in advance of the hearing and / or to warn the Claimant's witnesses when they needed to attend. This meant that whilst Mrs Marcou's witnesses all appeared in an orderly fashion, the Claimant's witnesses had to be contacted at the last minute and asked to attend court in a chaotic fashion. This led to a series of negative comments by the judge which prejudiced the Claimant's case, particularly in relation to Mr Constantinou who had work commitments.” i. Paragraph 14(n): “n) The Defendants in liaison with Mrs Marcou's representatives agreed a chronology that omitted a number of points that were of central importance to the Claimant's claim. The Claimant was never consulted about the chronology or provided with a draft before it was submitted to the court. A copy of this document is at annex 7. At annex 8, the Claimant has summarised the omissions from the chronology that materially affected the outcome of the three claims.” j. Paragraph 14(o): “o) The Defendants in liaison with Mrs Marcou's representatives agreed a list of issues which went well beyond the pleaded subject matter of the three claims and included admissions that were contrary to the Claimant's instructions. The Claimant was never consulted on the contents of this list or shown a draft of the same before it was filed. A copy of the list is at annex 9. At annex 10, the Claimant has summarised the points that were not covered in the pleadings or were unauthorised omissions. This included, for example the validity of a ‘gift’ document and the beneficial ownership of various joint accounts and financial instruments. The First Defendant wrongly advised the Claimant to include references to some of these non — pleaded issues in her witness statement. The list of issues also encompassed an admission that the Cypriot law on wills and probate was assumed to be identical to the English law. This was incorrect, as a testator must give two thirds of their estate to their children under the relevant Cypriot law. The Defendants did not research this issue, consider obtaining expert evidence or consult the Claimant's Cypriot lawyer, Yiannis Constantinides. For the avoidance of doubt, this issue was not discussed at a meeting that took place with Mr Constantinides during the trial which largely focused on legal privilege. It would, in any event, have been too late to clarify the point at such a late stage. This materially prejudiced the Claimant's case and caused Recorder Cohen QC to make findings on issues that were not within the scope of the claim. This outcome wholly undermined the Claimant's credibility in the subsequent proceedings (claim number F1OCL218, which concluded in 2021) brought by Mrs Marcou regarding whether certain gift and account monies belonged to their mother's estate [ie, the Asset Claim].” k. Paragraph 14(p): “p) In conference at court immediately before and during the trial, the Defendants wrongly advised the Claimant to state that monies held in the various joint accounts were there for ‘administrative convenience’, whereas her instructions were that joint beneficial ownership had passed to the Claimant and her mother. The Second Defendant used this phrase in court before the Claimant gave evidence. This wording was directly relied on by Recorder Cohen QC and His Honour Judge Johns QC (in the subsequent proceedings) to support their findings that there was no joint ownership and therefore directly affected the negative outcome of both trials. A copy of the substantive judgement of HHJ Johns QC dated 9th February 2021 is at annex 11.” l. Paragraph 14(s): “s) The Second Defendant failed to ask questions and make submissions regarding lies in Mrs Marcou's witness statement and in oral evidence when she denied that certain ground rents had been received since the transfer of the relevant properties, when in fact they had been paid to her husband. These ground rents were not gifted to the Claimant's son or held in trust by the Claimant, as Mrs Marcou had asserted.” m. Paragraph 14(x): “x) On 11th December 2016, the First Defendant made a Part 36 offer to settle the case during the course of the trial. The Second Defendant was aware of the same. A copy of this letter is at annex 14. It was sent on a Sunday and bizarrely appeared to have been drafted on 22nd August 2016, as this date was contained within the text. Whilst it is admitted that the First Defendant made vague suggestions that the case should be settled during a meeting with the Claimant at a hotel on or around 9th December 2016, the Claimant did not give the First Defendant any authority to make a specific offer or make any admissions as set out or at all. Various admissions were made in the letter, including regarding the ownership of "Laiki" bank monies, which were contrary to the Claimant's earlier specific instructions. These admissions severely undermined the Claimant's credibility in the subsequent 2021 trial and materially affected the outcome.” n. Paragraph 14(y): “y) The First Claimant failed to advise the Claimant that a sanction should have been applied against Mrs Marcou for serving her Bill of Costs late in the subsequent Detailed Assessment proceedings (relating to the three claims). In addition, the First Defendant omitted to advise the Claimant to prepare Points of Dispute with the assistance of a Costs Lawyer. This meant that the Claimant had no option but to accept that Mrs Marcou was entitled to be awarded her costs in full on the indemnity basis.” o. Paragraph 14(z): “z) In the Tiebridge proceedings, the First Defendant applied improper pressure to compel the Claimant to settle the claim on the basis that they had insufficient time to prepare for the trial which was listed to commence on 25th July 2016. In early July 2016, the Claimant was informed that the First Defendant would simply withdraw if she continued to defend the claim_ A copy of the settlement agreement dated 8th July 2016 is at annex 15.2” p. Paragraph 14(aa): “aa) The First Defendant failed to adhere to the terms of the Tiebridge settlement agreement in that they omitted to arrange for the transfer of Director's Loan monies in the sum of £47,710 to a joint account with Mrs Marcou's solicitors. This meant that these funds continued to be an issue up to and including the 2021 proceedings.” q. Paragraph 14(bb): “bb) The First Defendant failed to contact the liquidator (who was holding the relevant funds), meaning that a payment of £74,400 was not made by the due date in breach of clause 18.2 of the settlement agreement dated 8th July 2016 (which is at annex 15). This meant that the Claimant became liable to pay interest and legal costs to Mrs Marcou.”

“15. As a result of the breach of retainer/instructions and/or negligence in breach of duty on the part of the Defendants, the Claimant suffered loss and damage. The Claimant avers that, but for the aforesaid breaches she would have succeeded on the three claims and the 2021 proceedings, avoided any costs orders in favour or Mrs Marcou and recovered her own costs.”

“As a result of the breach of retainer and / or negligence in breach of duty on the part of the First Defendant only, the Claimant suffered loss and damage. The Claimant avers that, but for the aforesaid breaches she would have succeeded on the Tiebridge claim, avoided paying any of Mrs Marcou or the liquidator's costs or interest and recovered her own costs.”

“The Claimant therefore claims damages in the total sum of £7,686,997.18 regarding both Defendants and additional damages relating to the First Defendant only in the total sum of £380,462.03”

“That analysis, when applied to POC 14, shows that this claim has no real prospect of success.”

“… there is no explanation in Paragraph 14 as to which outcomes Mrs Christodoulides claims would have been different and how. Given the analysis of the Cohen Jmt above and the conclusion in {146} it is hard to envisage how the matters alleged by Mrs Christodoulides could have affected the outcome, let alone done so without challenging the findings of the Recorder.”

“In summary, my finding is as follows: Agni's mistaken belief that her will would effect a more even distribution of assets considering what Andre had helped herself to was induced by the fraudulent misrepresentations of Niki that Andre had stolen, helped herself or taken Agni's money and run— this is fraudulent calumny as Niki had successfully poisoned Agni's mind against Andre. I regard the subsidiary episodes relied on differently by both parties (Aris pocketing £1,000 of rents; wild dogs — Andre was questioning Agni's sanity and the oxygen cylinder) as properly viewed as incidents of this same course of conduct.”

“13. Annex 1 [S9] identifies numerous relevant documents that were omitted by the 1st Defendant. The material in the earlier pages [1-11] illustrates substantial disputes that arose between Mrs Marcou and her parents going back to 1990. These would have helped to rebut the fraudulent calumny allegation and support the Claimant’s account by demonstrating that there were longstanding reasons for the parties’ mother did not get on with [Mrs] Marcou and might have chosen not to reward her in the alleged will. [sic] 14. It became apparent on 12.3.10 [p.11,39, Annex 1, S9] that Mrs Marcou and her husband had continued trading on the previous company name since 1998 without her parents or the Claimant’s knowledge. The parties’ mother commented in 2010 [p. 12, Annex 1, S9] that Mrs Marcou was “helping herself”

“23. Annex 2 [S53] provides a list of edited or redacted documents. This includes a section where Mrs Marcou had added a handwritten translation (p.45, Annex 2, S53] describing an alleged threat made by the Claimant’s husband to the spouse of a witness which was used to undermine his credibility [S730], “Are you threatening me, Yanni dear”

“1. The court must consider whether the [respondent to the summary judgment application] has a ‘realistic’ as opposed to a ‘fanciful’ prospect of success. 2. A ‘realistic’ [statement of case] is one that carries some degree of conviction. This means a [case] that is more than merely arguable. 3. In reaching its conclusion the court must not conduct a ‘mini-trial’. 4. This does not mean that the court must take at face value and without analysis everything that [the respondent] says. In some cases it may be clear that there is no real substance in factual assertions made, particularly if contradicted by contemporaneous documents. 5. However, in reaching its conclusion the court must take into account not only the evidence actually placed before it on the application for summary judgment, but also the evidence that can reasonably be expected to be available at trial. 6. Although a case may turn out at trial not to be really complicated, it does not follow that it should be decided without a fuller investigation into the facts at trial than is possible or permissible on an application for summary judgment. Thus the court should hesitate about making a final decision without a trial, even where there is no obvious conflict of fact, where reasonable grounds exist for believing that a fuller investigation into the facts of the case would add to or alter the evidence available to a trial judge and so affect the outcome of the case. 7. On the other hand it is not uncommon for an application under Part 24 to give rise to a short point of law or construction and, if the court is satisfied that it has before it all the evidence necessary for the proper determination of the question and that the parties have had an adequate opportunity to address it in argument, it should grasp the nettle and decide it. The reason is quite simple: if the respondent’s case is bad in law, he will in truth have no real prospect of succeeding on his claim or successfully defending the claim against him, as the case may be. Similarly, if the applicant’s case is bad in law, the sooner that is determined, the better. If it is possible to show by evidence that although material in the form of documents or oral evidence that would put the documents in another light is not currently before the court, such material is likely to exist and can be expected to be available at trial, it would be wrong to give summary judgment because there would be a real, as opposed to a fanciful, prospect of success. However, it is not enough simply to argue that the case should be allowed to go to trial because something may turn up which would have a bearing on the question of construction.”

“Collateral challenges to prior decisions ex hypothesi do not give rise to res judicata estoppel. For the purposes of this judgment, a collateral challenge is one where - no matter how similar the issue in question – the parties to the later dispute are different from the parties to the earlier dispute that is the subject of the collateral challenge. As a matter of principle, collateral challenges should not give rise to an estoppel because – even though a dispute or issue has been determined by an anterior final judicial decision - that decision was binding only as between A and B, whereas the later claim arises between A and C. In short, whereas B could allege that A is estopped from bringing a later claim as against B, C can make no such assertion, because C was not a party to the anterior decision. Generally speaking, where no res judicata estoppel arises, A is permitted to bring a claim without being fettered by what has been decided previously”

“The jurisdiction to strike out proceedings as an abuse of process is one that should not be tightly circumscribed by rules or formal categorisation. It is an exceptional jurisdiction, enabling a court to protect its procedures from misuse. Thus, a court is able to – indeed, has a duty to – control proceedings which, although not inconsistent with the literal application of its procedural rules, would nevertheless be manifestly unfair to a party to litigation before it, or would otherwise bring the administration of justice into disrepute among right thinking people: Hunter [1982] AC 529, 536 (para 30 above); Bairstow [2004] Ch 1, para 38 (para 35 above); Laing [2008] PNLR 11,para 12 (para 36 above).”

“The fact is that subsequent civil litigation that calls into consideration an anterior civil decision may or may not be abusive depending on facts that may have nothing to do with relitigation in its strict sense or the adduction of ‘new’ evidence within the Phosphate Sewage test.”

“As I understand the law with regard to res judicata, it is not the case, and it would be intolerable if it were the case, that a party who has been unsuccessful in a litigation can be allowed to re-open that litigation merely by saying, that since the former litigation there is another fact going exactly in the same direction with the facts stated before, leading up to the same relief which I asked for before, but it being in addition to the facts which I have mentioned, it ought now to be allowed to be the foundation of a new litigation, and I should be allowed to commence a new litigation merely upon the allegation of this additional fact. My Lords, the only way in which that could possibly be admitted would be if the litigant were prepared to say, I will shew you that this is a fact which entirely changes the aspect of the case, and I will shew you further that it was not, and could not by reasonable diligence have been, ascertained by me before.”

“In short, the doctrine of abuse of process is best framed, at least in the context of a ‘collateral’ attack on a prior civil decision, by reference to the test expounded by Lord Diplock and Morritt V-C: If the parties to the later civil proceedings were not parties to or privies of those who were parties to the earlier proceedings then it will only be an abuse of the process of the court to challenge the factual findings and conclusions of the judge in the earlier action if (a) it would be manifestly unfair to a party to the later proceedings that the same issues should be relitigated or (b) to permit such relitigation would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.”

“12. The court therefore has to consider, by an intense focus on the facts of the particular case, whether in broad terms the proceedings that it is sought to strike out can be characterised as falling under one or other, or both, of the broad rubrics of unfairness or the bringing of the administration of justice into disrepute. Attempts to draw narrower rules applicable to particular categories of case (in the present instance, negligence claims against solicitors when an original action has been lost) are not likely to be helpful. … 19. In order to succeed in the new claim Mr Laing has to establish at least that (i) the underlying agreements between Mr Laing and Mr Watson were as alleged by Mr Laing; (ii) Mr Kelly [the allegedly negligent solicitor] knew that; (iii) in drafting the 1999 and 2002 Written Agreements Mr Kelly failed to reflect what the two protagonists had agreed; (iv) that failure caused Mr Laing loss, in the shape of the decision against him recorded by H.H. Judge Thornton. But H.H. Judge Thornton found in the first case that item (i) was not correct; so items (ii) and (iii) did not arise. Mr Laing’s case in the new claim recognised that, and that it would be necessary to demonstrate that H.H. Judge Thornton’s judgment on item (i) had been wrong. … 22. The second, different, and more significant difficulty is however that everything said to us and to Langley J. in criticism of H.H. Judge Thornton’s judgment could have been said to H.H. Judge Thornton (and mainly was so said); and could have been deployed in the appeal from H.H. Judge Thornton that was never brought. What is sought to be achieved in the second claim is, therefore, not the addition of matter that, negligently or for whatever reason, was omitted from the first case, but rather a relitigation of the first case on the basis of exactly the same material as was or could have been before H.H. Judge Thornton. … 25. I therefore conclude that it would bring the administration of justice into disrepute if Mr Laing were to be permitted in the second claim to advance exactly the same case as was tried and rejected by H.H. Judge Thornton. If H.H. Judge Thornton’s judgment was to be disturbed, the proper course was to appeal, rather than seek to have it in effect reversed by a court not of superior but of concurrent jurisdiction hearing the second claim. That the second claim is in substance an attempt to reverse H.H. Judge Thornton is important in the context of wider principles of finality of judgments. In Hunter, at 545D, Lord Diplock said that the proper course to upset the decision of a court of first instance was by way of appeal. Where, wholly exceptionally, a collateral, first instance, action can be brought it has to be based on new evidence, that must be such as entirely changes the aspect of the case: see per Earl Cairns L.C. in Phosphate Sewage v Molleson (1879) 4 App. Cas. 801 at 814. The second claim in our case not merely falls short of that standard, but relies on no new evidence at all. 26. It is however argued that all of that is irrelevant, or at least not conclusive, where the second claim is, unlike the claim in Phosphate Sewage, not between the same parties. The appellant relied on, and Langley J. was impressed by, observations by Lord Hoffmann in Hall v Simons [2002] 1 A.C. 615 at 705H, on the status of claims of abuse of process in negligence actions against solicitors involved in earlier proceedings: “I see no objection on grounds of public interest to a claim that a civil case was lost because of the negligence of the advocate, merely because the case went to a full trial. In such a case the plaintiff accepts that the decision is res judicata and binding upon him. He claims, however, that if the right arguments had been used or evidence called, it would have been decided differently.”

“35. I agree that the appeal should be allowed for the reasons given by Buxton L.J. The attempt to bring proceedings in contract and in tort against TW involves an impermissible challenge to the facts found by H.H. Judge Thornton and is, for that reason, an abuse of process. 36. I should explain why I conclude that the challenge is impermissible. Allegations of negligence during the course of litigation, against solicitors or advocates, will normally involve an attempt by a claimant to demonstrate that the previous conclusion of the court would have been different, absent negligence on the part of the lawyer. In many cases it will, indeed, be necessary to do so in order to prove causation and loss. The paradigm is the loss of a case due to negligent advocacy. But to bring such proceedings for negligence does not bring the administration of justice in to disrepute; Hall v Simons teaches to the contrary. 37. But such cases differ from the instant appeal in two important respects. Firstly, in the normal run of case, the impugned conduct of the lawyer is independent of the factual conclusions of the court; those conclusions are only relevant to prove causation and loss. His case does not, in reality, involve any challenge to the findings or conclusion of the court. He merely contends that, in the light of the negligence of which he now complains, the court’s conclusions would have been different. But this not so in the present case. As Buxton L.J. has demonstrated (at [19] and [27]), the claimant cannot establish that his adviser’s drafting of the agreements was negligent without challenging the judge’s findings as to credibility and fact. To make good the allegations of negligence, Mr Laing must show that his account of the agreements is the truth. He must demonstrate that H.H. Judge Thornton’s judgment of his credibility was wrong. 38. Secondly, generally in actions against legal advisers arising out of litigation, the losing party’s allegations of negligence could not have been advanced in the case which he lost. They arise only after the case is concluded. But in the present case, the claimant had every opportunity during the course of the trial to raise, as he would have it, the inadequate drafting. The more Mr Marks Q.C. emphasised the strength of Mr Laing’s position on the basis of the written evidence, the harder it became to understand why the errors of Mr Kelly were not fully aired at trial. On Mr. Laing’s account the 1999 and 2002 written agreements were inadequate. Mr Laing had every opportunity at trial to explain that the inadequacies were due to the incompetence or misunderstanding of Mr Kelly. 39. Those two features demonstrate why the court should not permit this action to proceed.”

“Hi Niki Costas Christou 13 February 2017 18:54 Niki Christodoulides 450 WGR draft settlement agreement Please take a look at draft below and call me please so I can finalise and send to Dipesh Thanks Costa From: Costas Christou Sent: 13 February 2017 18:46 To: Costas Christou Subject: Dear Dipesh I confirm we agreed settlement terms for the 450 WGR account claim as follows:- 1 NC to pay AM £1837.49 out of NC's share of accumulated rents currently held by Star Estates and Lettings by the mechanism set out in para 5 below 2 NC to reimburse AM 50% of insurance premiums paid by AM to date from 2013 to 2017 totalling £3,298.37 out of NC's share of accumulated rents held by Star Estates and Lettings subject to production of proof of payment by AM of the insurance premiums including the 2016/17 insurance premium payment made by AM by the mechanism set out in para 5 below 3 AM agrees not to dispute any other items in the taking of the 450 WGR account claim including the ‘Tiebridge’ items set out below totalling £7267.88 ( query in Tiebridge Settlement agreement recital 6 (e) and clause 10.1 make reference to £7,389.03?. Need to confirm which figure to use). …”

“25. Niki was the second witness who gave evidence but hers is undoubtedly the principal witness evidence on her side and it is sensible to take it first. She was in the witness box for a little over two Court days and I have therefore had more than ample opportunity to assess her character and evidence. For reasons which I will explain, I find Niki to be a thoroughly dishonest and manipulative individual to whom integrity and truth are less important than achieving what she wants, even when she knows she is not entitled to it. Her dishonesty extends to: 25.1. Dishonestly making an application together with her mother to the District of Court of Limassol for relief to which she knew she was not entitled; 25.2. Swearing on oath to that Court to the truth of a written statement containing false statements of a critical kind which she knew to be untrue in order to make it appear that she was entitled to the relief when, in fact, she knew that she was not; 25.3. Procuring official documents to evidence a critical false assertion in the proceedings, namely that she lived permanently in Cyprus when she did not in fact live there. These findings are based purely on Niki's own evidence to me though the finding that her conduct was dishonest is my own conclusion which I regard as inescapable from the admitted facts. I will explain this very clear conclusion before turning to the disputed facts.”

“53. Andre was a calm and sensible witness who dealt with all questions some of which were difficult and personal put to her in a convincing fashion. Her evidence obviously needs to be compared to the contemporaneous documents but there is nothing in that process or her evidence in general which causes me to doubt her evidence. I would observe that although Andre is able to give evidence about what she saw, much of her case must inevitably depend on what was going on between Niki and Agni which Andre did not see or hear. In this respect, evidence other than Andre's is important.”

“146. In summary, my finding is as follows: Agni's mistaken belief that her will would effect a more even distribution of assets considering what Andre had helped herself to was induced by the fraudulent misrepresentations of Niki that Andre had stolen, helped herself or taken Agni's money and run— this is fraudulent calumny as Niki had successfully poisoned Agni's mind against Andre.”

“5. When it comes to whether this case has been taken quite out of the norm by the behaviour of Niki, in my judgment, the answer is too clear for words. My judgment catalogues behaviour of a dishonest kind by Niki throughout the period to which this claim relates and it has extended to giving false evidence in these and other proceedings and, indeed, in the witness box before me. In my judgment, Miss Selway [Andre’s counsel] is correct that this case is most obviously entirely out of the norm and the appropriate order to make is costs on the indemnity basis.”

“You have been very generous with your time and you have made an indispensable contribution to the challenge to the Recorder's judgment. I am very much in your debt for this, and I am anxious to retain your assistance.”

“11. Although Asplin J's order provided for both applications for permission to appeal to be dealt with at the same hearing, I heard full argument on Niki's application for permission to appeal (and the potential appeal, if permission were to be granted) in relation to the dispute about the will and I then indicated that I would give judgment on that application and/or on the appeal (if permission were granted) before dealing with the application for permission to appeal in relation to the dispute about the transfer. Ms Selway submitted that if the appeal in relation to the will failed, then the proposed appeal in relation to the transfer would be academic as the property in question would be owned 50/50 by Niki and Andre whether or not the transfer was set aside. Mr McLinden did not agree with that submission but in any event, the course which was taken has resulted in me giving this judgment before hearing argument on the application for permission to appeal in relation to the transfer.”

“31. The grounds of appeal in this case are not concise. They extend to some 8 pages and do not distinguish between grounds of challenge to the judgment and argument in support of the grounds of challenge. 32. It seems to me that the grounds of challenge can be stated, concisely and in a logical order, as follows: (1) The Recorder allowed Andre to advance a case of fraudulent calumny and to lead evidence in support of it which went beyond her pleaded case; (2) The Recorder made findings of fact in relation to the case of fraudulent calumny which went beyond Andre's pleaded case; (3) If the Recorder had confined Andre to her pleaded case, that case would have failed; (4) The Recorder made findings in paragraphs [121.1], [121.2], [133], [142] and [144] which were not supported by the evidence; (5) The Recorder failed to distinguish as he should have done between money being "taken", "withdrawn" and “stolen”; (6) The Recorder's assessment of Niki's dishonesty clouded his assessment of the evidence; (7) The Recorder failed to apply the correct legal principles and in particular failed to apply the principles as stated in Re Hayward [2017] 4 WLR 32 because he failed to analyse the legal consequences of his findings of fact; (8) In particular, in relation to the application of the relevant legal principles, the Recorder did not adequately consider whether Niki's statements caused Agni to make no provision for Andre in the will; and (9) The Recorder failed to consider the other possible explanations for Agni's decision to make no provision for Andre in the will.”

“49. I have considered the detailed findings made by the Recorder. Based on those findings, there was plainly a very strong case that Niki's false representations to Agni were made for the purpose of inducing her mother to make a will which was adverse to Andre and favourable to Niki.”

“62. I have now considered all of the suggested grounds of appeal. Whether the grounds are considered individually or collectively, Niki does not have a real prospect of success on appeal and I will therefore refuse permission to appeal. This judgment is more lengthy than would be typical for a judgment refusing permission to appeal. I have dealt with the points thoroughly out of deference to the detailed and sustained submissions of Mr McLinden but the length of the judgment does not indicate that his points had a real prospect of success.” points had a real prospect of success.”

“17. When I take into account the possible outcomes of the appeal and the different ways in which the appeal might be dismissed, my overall assessment is that the appeal does not have a real prospect of success.”

“27. I accept that evidence [from Andre] because of the view I formed of Andre as a witness. She was entirely straightforward. Mr Rogers counsel instructed for the Claimant made such attempts as were possible to show otherwise in cross-examination, but it was clear to me that her evidence was honest and generally reliable. There was no distorting hostility to her sister which, given the circumstances, did her credit.”

“28. By contrast, and a further reason for rejecting the contention that the sum of £167,769.19 was a gift, is the view I formed of Niki as a witness. I felt unable to rely on her evidence. There was a strong distorting dislike of Andre. Niki’s witness statement was full of grievances and attacks on Andre’s character. The ground it covered went back to their time as children. And took in the conduct and character of George as well, Andre’s son. The witness statement was often not easy to follow when it finally turned to the issues. All that was reflected in Niki’s oral evidence. Further, she was reluctant to agree even with points which were plain. A notable example was the suggestion that she was angry with Andre following the events of 9 March 2012. She was not ready to agree with this, despite the 4 page complaint letter dated 13 March 2012 to the Bank of Cyprus in which she referred to herself as extremely angry at the manipulation and a clear intent to defraud. And despite an email of 23 March 2012 where she wrote of Andre: “I can’t believe that the bitch had planned this from day one”

“If the First and Second Defendants had not omitted relevant documents from the bundle, ignored relevant witnesses, allowed inappropriate editing of documents and wrongly made admissions on certain issues, then it is respectfully argued that such findings would not have been made by the Recorder which then coloured the subsequent judgment of HHJ Johns KC. The Defendants also ignore that the significant volume of missing evidence which was relevant to the credibility and reliability of Mrs Marcou which would also have affected the outcome.”

“(i) When the First Defendant prepared the witness statement of Costa Constantinou [Niki’s neighbour], a copy of which is at annex 5, words were inserted in Greek by the First Defendant. This immediately undermined the credibility of the witness because he was unable to read those words. During examination in chief, the Second Defendant omitted to take any steps to remedy the issue by drawing the judge's attention to the fact that, whilst Mr Constantinou could speak and understand oral Greek, he would be unable to read the words.”

“55. Nektaria was Agni's niece and she was close to Agni who treated her as a mother once Agni's sister died. Agni undoubtedly spoke to her of some of the things that troubled her and I accept Nektaria's report. She did not display any bias of loyalty to one or other sister rather than to Agni. I found her to be a decent and upright young woman whose evidence I have not the slightest hesitation in accepting. She did not speak English and her evidence was taken through an interpreter. Although she had some very basic ability to read English, she could not and did not read texts or e mails in English. I should also note of her that there was considerable distraction with caring for a very young child in some of her conversations with Agni and that same distraction applied to her husband.”

“81. Andre had a concern as to whether Pani was capable of understanding what he was doing. In my judgment, this was dealt with by her responsibly. Enquiry was made of Pani's doctor who advised that he was capable. A letter recording this which Andre thought (prior to disclosure) existed was actually produced by Niki on disclosure, thereby confirming the accuracy of Andre's memory. When it comes to the extraordinary story told by Niki that she signed Pani's name on the transfer on Andre's advice and instructions, this must either represent a deliberate lie by Niki or by Andre. 82. Niki explains in her 6th Witness Statement that Andre told me that I was entitled to sign on behalf of my father as I was a signatory on his bank accounts. I find this so improbable that I do not believe it. Niki is an intelligent and educated woman who was adept in being able to distinguish between concepts of ownership of a bank account and being signatory for administrative convenience, regardless of what the contractual documents might indicate. In my judgment, she was well able to understand that being a signatory on a bank account is a very different thing from being authorized to sign documents not related to the bank accounts. Indeed, she was not only able to understand this but, in my judgment, did understand it. This is not only an improbable explanation but when the characteristics of Niki are considered and I add to them the dishonest conduct of Niki which I have found elsewhere in this case, I have no hesitation in preferring the evidence of Andre, which I found to be convincing.”

“84. In my judgment, Andre's evidence as to when and how this transfer was executed is to be preferred and I accept it.”

“87. In my judgment, Andre's version of when and how the transfer of Hazelmead was executed by Agni, namely in early October between the time of Pani's funeral and Andre's return to Cyprus is much more probable before I even take into account my view of Niki's character and the unsatisfactory nature of her evidence. I accept Andre's version.”

‘What happened to all these other potential witnesses that I told you about ?’

“The Defendants ought not to have permitted the editing/ redaction of documents and should have objected to such a course. Only clean copies of the documents ought to have been before the judge. This further materially prejudiced the outcome of the three claims.”

“Wills and Trusts Mr Panayiotis Iacovou and Mr Andreas Iacovou Historical Deeds of Trusts with Paul Spyrou and George Christodoulou as executors of Will and Trusts going on for lifetime”

“39. POC 14(c) criticises the Defendants’ advice as to the standard of proof and says that the advice affected Niki’s decision to continue with the proceedings. A similar point is made in POC 14(w) concerning costs and Andre’s alleged Part 36 offers. It is not explained how. This was a probate claim. Mrs Christodoulides had three choices – drop the Will completely, fight to prove it, or compromise. It is clear from the POC that Mrs Christodoulides was not willing to drop the Will, indeed she still thinks it should have been proved. It is also her case that she was not prepared to settle, even on the terms alleged in Annex 14, a position reflected in the Cohen Costs Jmt. 40. There is also the difficulty that if, as she appears to assert, Mrs Christodoulides was telling the truth and believed in her own case, it is hard to see how further advice on the burden of proof or costs would have affected her decision to proceed. CPC cannot see how the exact burden of proof is relevant unless Mrs Christodoulides knew that she was lying but was prepared to roll the dice relying on a high burden of proof to get her home. If that is the case, her claim is an abuse, and any loss is caused by her own dishonesty. It will also be noted that Mrs Christodoulides was ordered to pay costs on the indemnity basis not because of Part 36 offers, but as a result of her dishonesty – see Trial Order 13, C/145, and paragraphs {2}-{5} of the Cohen Costs Jmt . It appears that the only offer made by Andre was given short shrift in any event. 41. Niki also faces the problem that the advice she asserts she was given on burden of proof was not materially wrong. She was seeking to prove the Will in solemn form and had been put to strict proof by Andre, and Andre’s defence of fraudulent calumny did require cogent evidence the strength of which was heightened by the nature and seriousness of the allegation – see {16}and {17}. 42. Further, CPC fails to see how this allegation links to the POCL, which seek damages on the basis of fighting and winning the Will Claim.”

“35.6 Paragraph 14(x) refers to an allegation which appears to be that, in summary, [the First Defendant] made an offer to Andre in the absence of instructions from the Claimant, in which a number of admissions were made. This allegation is false, as the offer was never sent as it was in draft (as the Claimant knows). The email confirming this is exhibited at pages 181-182 of GRW1. In any event, if it is assumed that the offer (erroneously referred to as a Part 36 offer) was sent, it would have been made ‘without prejudice’ as was made clear in the draft letter at annex 10 of the Particulars of Claim. As such, Andre could not have relied upon its contents at the Trial or later – and, obviously, did not since it was not sent. How this allegation relates to any damage claimed is entirely unclear. The Claimant makes no attempt to establish how the 2021 proceedings and the outcome of that trial were in any way impacted by the content of that letter, even if it could be established (as to which no attempt is made) that CPC owed the Claimant any duties in respect of the 2021 proceedings.”

“Paragraph 14 (y) is bound to fail and should be struck out. CPC ceased acting for the Claimant on 31 July 2018 following receipt of the Claimant's initial letter of complaint a day earlier. A copy of the Claimant's initial letter of complaint dated 30 July 2018 is exhibited at pages 183-192 of GRW1), which was followed by CPC's email and subsequent correspondence in response (pages 193-205 of GRW1). Accordingly, CPC had no involvement with either the Claimant or the litigation which followed 31 July 2018, including the cost proceedings subsequent to the trial of the Will Claim and the Transfer Claim.”

“Having specifically and in accordance with your instructions "to save costs" and in my interest to prepare the bundles, I meticulously did so in your office over several days, in order for you to index and number in preparation for deadlines. What has transpired having possession of the trial bundles , is the LEVEL OF REMOVAL OF SUBSTANSIVE EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTED MY CASES and in significant RELEVANCE to the path Judge Cohen took. SO MUCH SO, that if this was now to be disclosed there would be CONTEMPT OF COURT and PERJURY in accordance with the transcripts of the trial in my possession. There would be NO RECOVERY of this FACT once the non-disclosures at trial ARE DISCLOSED.”

“Hi Costa I have sent all my notes on the bundles, which you can check, also if they assist Charles in understanding of them when he is working on them. … feeling good !!” feeling good !!”

“18. The Tiebridge Claim was an application by Andre under s.994 of the Companies Act 2006 that the Claimant made unauthorised payments in her capacity as director of Tiebridge Property Company Limited (company number 06412884). Andre was a shareholder and director of that company. The Claimant issued a winding up petition in response. The Tiebridge Claim settled on 16 July 2016. A copy of the order recording the terms of settlement is exhibited at pages 121-148 of GRW1. … 35. The Particulars of Claim are incoherent, illogical and demonstrate a wholesale failure to plead a cogent case against CPC: … 35.8 Paragraphs 14 (z), (aa), (bb), and (cc) relate to the Tiebridge Claim and alleged failings by CPC. These allegations should be struck out as they are so poorly particularised that CPC cannot respond to them. In the first instance, it is for the Claimant to plead the facts said to amount to CPC exerting ‘improper pressure’ to settle the Tiebridge Claim. Second, the Claimant must also plead a complete cause of action, including: (i) the extent of CPC's duties in relation to the Tiebridge Claim; (ii) the basis of CPC's instruction; (iii) how it is said that CPC breached said duties; and (v) (sic) how it is said to have caused the losses the Claimant asserts she is entitled to at paragraph 18 of the Particulars of Claim. For these reasons, these paragraphs should be struck out.”

“48. The final group of allegations in POC 14 (z) to (cc) relate to the Tiebridge Claim. That claim and the allegations are addressed by Mr Walker in his first statement, paragraphs 18 and 35.8. CPC is unable to take the matter much further. The Tiebridge Order (C/150) was signed by Mrs Christodoulides on C/152 on 8/7/16, and she executed the Schedule deed both personally (C/167) and as a director of Tiebridge (C/166). Thereafter she continued to instruct CPC up to and beyond the trial of the Underlying Claim without complaint of improper pressure. In any event, if CPC felt that it did not have time to prepare, it would have been professionally embarrassed had it not stated so and indicated that it would have to cease acting. 49. It is not understood how it can be CPC’s fault that Mrs Christodoulides did not meet her own obligations under the Tiebridge Order. CPC refers to and relies upon the answer to these allegations in its Letter of Response at C/199 – see paragraphs 3.23 – 3.26 at C/205. 50. In light of the above, CPC submits that the claim discloses no reasonable grounds nor any real prospect of success on the claim and it should either be struck out or summary judgment granted, subject to Issue 4. If the Court is of the view that any part or parts in fact should survive, it is necessary to consider Issues 2 and 3.”

“(1) A member of a company may apply to the court by petition for an order under this Part on the ground - (a) that the company's affairs are being or have been conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of members generally or of some part of its members (including at least himself), or (b) that an actual or proposed act or omission of the company (including an act or omission on its behalf) is or would be so prejudicial.”

“3.23. Allegations v) – y) relate to settlement of the Tiebridge Claim and events thereafter. 3.24. Our client was instructed in respect of the Tiebridge Claim to salvage the position following your former solicitors' late filing of your cost budget. Through our client's efforts, limited relief was granted improving your position. Our client was prepared to go to trial of the Tiebridge Claim and indeed procured counsel's estimated brief fees to bring the case to trial. The Tiebridge Claim settled on your instructions on the 8 July 2016 and you were happy that it did. 3.25. Miss Marcia Shekerdemian QC also advised you in the Tiebridge Claim. You were involved in the drafting of the settlement agreement. Our client fully advised you and you were aware of the relevant deadlines to make payment, and the consequences of not doing so. Any purported breaches of the Tiebridge Settlement are the result of your own conduct. 3.26. Payment of £74,400 pursuant to the Tiebridge settlement agreement was not made because the funds realised from the sales of 194 Seven Sister's Road, London N4 4NX and 217 Lordship Lane, London N17 6AA had not materialised. This was through no fault of our client. The solicitors responsible for the sale of the above properties were appointed by the liquidator of the Company. Our client was under no duty to ensure you complied with the terms of the Tiebridge Settlement, save for advising you of the relevant deadlines, which it did on several occasions.”

“When I received the bundle with Andre's witness statement, there were comments that we'd not come across in bundles so far.”

“I agree that, as a practical matter, it is very difficult to prove that a case which was lost after a full hearing would have been won if it had been conducted differently. It may be easier to prove that, with better advice, a more favourable settlement would have been achieved. But this goes to the question of whether, in the words of CPR r 24.2, the plaintiff has ‘a real prospect of succeeding on the claim’. The Hunter question, on the other hand, is whether allowing even a successful action to be brought would be manifestly unfair or bring the administration of justice into disrepute. … On the other hand, I can see no objection on grounds of public interest to a claim that a civil case was lost because of the negligence of the advocate, merely because the case went to full trial. In such a case the plaintiff accepts that the decision is res judicata and binding upon him. He claims however that if the right arguments had been used or evidence called, it would have been decided differently. This may be extremely hard to prove in terms of both negligence and causation, but I see no reason why, if the plaintiff has a real prospect of success, he should not be allowed the attempt. … … in civil … cases, it will seldom be possible to say that an action for negligence against a legal adviser or representative would bring the administration of justice into disrepute. Whether the original decision was right or wrong is usually a matter of concern only to the parties and has no wider implications. There is no public interest objection to a subsequent finding that, but for the negligence of his lawyers, the losing party would have won. But here again there may be exceptions. The action for negligence may be an abuse of process on the ground that it is manifestly unfair to someone else. Take, for example, the case of a defendant who publishes a serious defamation which he attempts unsuccessfully to justify. Should he be able to sue his lawyers and claim that if the case had been conducted differently, the allegation would have been proved to be true? It seems to me unfair to the plaintiff in the defamation action that any court should be allowed to come to such a conclusion in proceedings to which he is not a party. On the other hand, I think it is equally unfair that he should have to join as a party and rebut the allegation for a second time. A man’s reputation is not only a matter between him and the other party. It represents his relationship with the world. So it may be that in such circumstances, an action for negligence would be an abuse of the process of the court. (Emphasis added) I would suspect that, having regard to the power of the court to strike out actions which have no real prospect of success, the Hunter doctrine is unlikely to be invoked very often. In my opinion, the first step in any application to strike out an action alleging negligence in the conduct of a previous action must be to ask whether it has a real prospect of success.”

“When it comes to the extraordinary story told by Niki that she signed Pani's name on the transfer on Andre's advice and instructions, this must either represent a deliberate lie by Niki or by Andre”

“5.33 The parties should therefore and in addition to complying with the specific provisions ofthe CPR and the PDs, comply with the following guidelines on preparing a statement ofcase; (1) a statement of case must be as brief and concise as possible, (2) a statement of case should be set out in separate, consecutively numbered paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, (3) so far as possible each paragraph or sub-paragraph should contain no more than one allegation, (4) the facts and other matters alleged should be set out as far as reasonably possiblein chronological order, (4) the statement of case should deal with the claim on a point-by-point basis, to allow a point-by-point response, (6) details of the main allegations should be stated as particulars and not as primary allegations, (7) where a party is required to give particulars of an allegation or reasons for a denial, the allegation or denial should be stated first and then the particulars or reasons should be listed one by one in separate numbered sub-paragraphs, (8) a party wishing to advance a positive claim must identify that claim in the statement of case, (9) any matter which, if not stated, might take another party by surprise should be stated, (10) where they will assist, headings, abbreviations and definitions should be used and a glossary annexed; such headings should be in a form likely to be acceptable to the other parties so that they may also use them. Contentious headings, abbreviations, paraphrasing and definitions should not be used, (11) schedules or appendices should be used if this would be helpful, for example where lengthy particulars are necessary, and any response should also be stated in a schedule or appendix, (12) evidence should not be included in statements of case. Lengthy extracts from documents should not be set out. If an extract has to be included, it should be placed in a schedule or appendix.”

“11. CPR r 16.4(1)(a) requires that a particulars of claim must include ‘a concise statement of the facts on which the claimant relies’. Thus, where the particulars of claim contain an allegation of breach of contract and/or negligence, it must be pleaded in such a way as to allow the defendant to know the case that it has to meet. The pleading needs to set out clearly what it is that the defendant failed to do that it should have done, and/or what the defendant did that it should not have done, what would have happened but for those acts or omissions, and the loss that eventuated. Those are ‘the facts’ relied on in support of the allegation, and are required in order that proper witness statements (and if necessary an expert’s report) can be obtained by both sides which address the specific allegations made.”

“The function of a pleading which asserts a claim, including an additional claim, is to set out a concise statement of the facts on which the claimant relies as giving the claimant a cause of action against the defendant: see CPR r 16.4 . The claimant should state all the facts necessary for the purpose of formulating a complete cause of action against the defendant. Such a pleading needs to give the defendant such reasonable and proportionate information about the facts alleged as is required to enable the defendant to understand the case he has to meet and to prepare his defence.”

“64.12 Paragraph 14(m) proceeds on a fundamental misunderstanding of the trial process, the role of an advocate and the role of the judge to oversee and ensure the fairness of proceedings. It is incoherent and has no causal connection with the alleged loss and damage. It is entirely detached from the factual findings in the 2017 Judgment itself. 64.13 Paragraph 14(n) also ignores the reality of the trial process and the fact that the trial judge in the Underlying Claims reached his conclusions on the basis of the evidence and not of the chronology (which is not and was not evidence). 64.14 The Claimant has not identified how the alleged failure to consult her on the list of issues (as pleaded at paragraph 14(o)) affected the outcome of the Underlying Claim. Insofar as the Cypriot laws of inheritance are concerned, the Claimant has not pleaded that the Second Defendant was ever instructed to have researched this issue and so the allegation of breach is without legal or factual foundation. Bluntly, the 2017 Judgment makes quite clear that it was the lies that the Claimant told that undermined her credibility, rather than anything done or omitted to be done by the Second Defendant.”

“87. Put shortly, and in addition to the points made by Mr Hague in his statement, it is submitted that the Particulars of Claim are the antithesis of a concise statement of facts that would enable Mr Holbech to understand the claim that he has to meet and to enable the Court to identify the issues and give appropriate directions for a proportionate determination of the claim.”

“5. As set out in paragraph 32 of my first witness statement on 17 August 2022, my firm wrote to the Claimant offering her the opportunity to amend her Particulars of Claim. At the same time, unissued draft copies of CPC's application were sent so the Claimant could understand CPC's issues with her Particulars of Claim and deal with them in any amendment. A draft consent order permitting the Claimant to amend her pleading was provided and the Claimant was informed that if she agreed and signed the consent order, CPC would withdraw the Application. A copy of that letter and the draft consent order are at pages 1 - 4 of GRW2. 6. The Claimant did not respond to the above correspondence within the time in which CPC needed to either file its Defence or make the Application, or by the date of 26 August suggested in the letter. Accordingly, on 22 August 2022, a copy of the Application was served on the Claimant by post. It was also emailed to the Claimant on the same day. A copy of the covering letter serving the Application is at page 5 of GRW2. 7. The Claimant has in fact never responded to the suggestion that she have another go at her Particulars, despite engaging on the issue of listing of the Application and filing evidence in response. It is concerning that CPC's proposal that the Claimant be allowed to amend her Particulars of Claim without the need to make an application of her own to the court, has been ignored. It indicates that the Claimant does not appreciate the difficulties with the claim as currently pleaded and has no desire to engage with the Defendants in clarifying her claim. … 9. … She does not appear willing to engage with the Defendants’ concerns and maintains her Particulars are properly pleaded and set out a viable claim. Her witness statement is largely a repetition and re-hashing of the current Particulars, and the Annexes, without engaging with the problems the Defendants have identified. As a result, CPC is not able to narrow the issues or drop any of the grounds of its Application.”

“Niki has also raised a number of queries regarding Charles fees which I am in the process of discussing with her in order to send you a letter by tomorrow.”

“I am also put in a very difficult and potentially impossible situation as it was I who introduced you to [Niki] believing that you were the best man for the job”

“Dear Charles Niki’s email below with mistakes on chronology document’ Niki is referring to the agreed chronology. Kind regards Costas Mistakes/misrepresentations on Chronology Selway submitted at trial & appeal Having read the Chronology submission, which presented in a way to maximise nails in my coffin, i would also feel bleak at chances ‘if what was presented was me’ ! It is the ‘variations of the truth’ that AM [presumably Andre] presents and wins her cases having the max impact. Variations of the truth is in real terms a "lie" and directs a picture that is actually "not the truth" I am surprised that Charles name is at bottom of this list, (if he ever contributed to it or checked it,) given the evidence in bundles he had. It is certainly presented as a "joint compilation on" which just further damages with maximum impact.”

“Please make the point to Niki that I have spent some hours on this (obviously unpaid) and that I am not prepared to spend any more time debating the Chronology.”

“28. I responded to the First Defendant by way of a Note on the Claimant’s ‘Mistakes on Chronology’ (pages 37 to 40 of “CH1”). This document was last modified on 5 September 2017, and must have been sent to the First Defendant on that date. The purpose of the Note was to rebut the allegation that I had been at fault in any way in respect of the Chronology and/or that to make the point that the Chronology had not made any difference to the outcome of the case or the Judge’s findings that the Claimant had acted dishonestly. At paragraph 1, I wrote: ‘I refer to Niki Christodoulides’ document alleging ‘mistakes’ in the Agreed Chronology. She claims that I could not have agreed such “VARIATIONS OF THE TRUTH” which, she says, was presented in a way to maximise nails in her coffin. She equates these variations of the truth with a “lie”, and expresses surprise that I had agreed to the Chronology which directed a picture that was not actually the truth. She alleges that this allowed Andre to present and win her case with the “max impact”

“38.3 Text message from the Claimant to the First Defendant dated 12 September 2017 (14:50): ‘Costa make sure you have in writing full and final settlement pls’ 38.4 Email from the Claimant to the First Defendant dated 12 September 2017 (22:19): ‘Dear Costas I confirm I have sent online 2 payments £50,000 £1,000 Total £51,000 in full and final settlement as agreed for Charles Holbech…’ 38.5 Text message from the First Defendant to the Second Defendant dated 13 September 2017 (07:03): “Morning Charles Niki confirms money sent in two batches £50K plus £1K total £51K in full and final settlement please can you acknowledge receipt” ‘Costa make sure you have in writing full and final settlement pls’ ‘Dear Costas I confirm I have sent online 2 payments £50,000 £1,000 Total £51,000 in full and final settlement as agreed for Charles Holbech…’ “Morning Charles Niki confirms money sent in two batches £50K plus £1K total £51K in full and final settlement please can you acknowledge receipt”

“Hope you are well, I am writing to you directly in the hope of clarity I am seeking further to an email that was forwarded to me 6/9/17 that you sent to CP Christou titled ‘Note on Niki Chritodoulides' Mistakes on Chronology’. In your point: 17 and 18 you have made a point of non -payment and only receiving £5,000. When I asked Costas, at the time, his response was ‘no idea why’. Furthermore my quite aggressive email against you which Costa asked my permission to forward to you, was due to a letter of threat for unpaid legal costs That was forwarded to me several weeks after you sent to him, so I was unaware of any complaints prior to this . Furthermore, I had received a call from Costa … In order to assist, I immediately transferred £51,000 directly into [your] bank account as the agreed "full and final settlement". I have requested from Costas a confirmation letter of this "final settlement paid in full", which to date has not been forthcoming. I am kindly requesting a schedule of payments you have received along with the invoices, as I would like to cross reference the payments I have sent to Costa for your fees to date, given your email claims you have received only £5,000, which is contrary to the payments I have sent for your services. I appreciate that to date, I have had to adhere to, as advised by my solicitor, the protocol of communication to you can only be done through my solicitors (CP Christou). However you have accepted a direct payment into your joint account and I need this clarity and confirmation, to dispel what has been playing on my mind for a while now. Whilst I have myself struggled with the source of legal fees and sleepless nights, I acted immediately to attend to yours and to help you recover from a dire situation. I await your kind response and assistance in the clarity I seek and can only be achieved by your personal confirmation of this information. As I have in the past (Morelands Solicitors/Tiebridge) having made enquiries to the 2 barristers directly that I paid the solicitors, discovered they were never paid for their services, I would very much like to avoid a repetition of such an event. For this reason I would like to maintain your response as confidential to me , and not to cause offence to Costa if the invoices and payment receipts you confirm, represent my payments to you through CP Christou. Furthermore, during the course of the appeal , it had come to my attention that several disclosures were omitted from the trial bundles, and specifically of relevance to the path of Recorders Cohen analysis at trial. In your description of him "building bricks" and had formed an opinion against me and in support of Andre's case, my point to you at the time was he could not cement the bricks and to show him the evidence to take them down ! It has transpired that the possible reason: you could not ,was that it was unavailable to you in the trial bundles and not disclosed. In light of this I will need to have your confirmation if these material facts were not submitted and those that were, and unreadable, if you had requested clear copies for trial given the contents, of which you needed to rely upon for my representation, were unreadable. In particular:- 1) The omittance of the full Witness Statement of Wilma Bacsa. 2) Unreadable txts between Nectaria and NC 3) Pages with blacked out disclosures of screen shots of texts. 4) Date and time of text crossed out by marker pen. 5) The schedule listing the content, translations and time on these texts were omitted in bundle but handed to you by Costa whilst standing and cross examining Nectaria at trial. Of which there were texts between her that disproved her claim of not reading or understanding my texts. 6) If you raised the question of the unreadable content and requested clear copies for the evidenced content you would need to rely on. 7) The recorded and translated transcript of Anna Panteli and the affidavit from the interpreter was not disclosed in full. 8) The amended and full translation of Harry Panteli as requested by AM and DBP, again with affidavit from interpreter was not disclosed, but the disclosures included AM crossings out and edits by pen, and submitted twice and numbered as a continuation in numerical pages. Was this not raised to my solicitor. I will require your kind response to the above specific points, although there were many more that were not included, and therefore you were possibly unaware of. Finally at this stage I seek confirmation from yourself, that the appointment requested from Costas Christou, with regards a meeting with Mr Yiannis Constantinides (from Cyprus and Agni solicitor) and was scheduled to take place before the trial, and arranged for the morning of the trial before entering the court, was not attended by you and the importance of it in preparation of a Witness and what to expect in a UK trial.”

“I have decided to discontinue our investigation into Mrs Christodoulides’s complaints … The compelling reason here is that Mr Holbech has made an offer to Mrs Christodoulides in full and final settlement of this matter, which she has accepted.”

“The court is concerned both to identify the ‘objective meaning of the language which the parties have chosen’ and to ascertain ‘what a reasonable person… would have understood the parties to have meant’. It can thus be seen that the courts are not concerned to identify the subjective understandings of the parties to the contract or the meaning which they subjectively ascribe to the terms in dispute and such evidence is therefore inadmissible. Thus the agreement must be interpreted objectively.In Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v. West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896, 902, Lord Hoffmann said: “Interpretation is the ascertainment of the meaning which the document would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they were at the time of the contract’.” “Interpretation is the ascertainment of the meaning which the document would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they were at the time of the contract’.”

“This does not make sense, given that I was yet to discover the factual basis for my present claim as I have explained above, apart from some general concerns about the chronology. These issues cannot possibly have been in the contemplation of the parties at the time and it is therefore a nonsense to allege that the settlement covered anything other than the Second Defendant's outstanding fees.”

“The compromise of a claim which is doubtful in law is binding as a contract. Making or performing a promise to give up a doubtful claim can constitute consideration for a counter-promise since it involves the possibility of detriment to the person to whom the latter promise is made and that of benefit to the person making it.”