Transatlantica Commodities Pte Ltd v Eurochem Trading GmbH [2026] EWHC 1494 (Comm)

[2026] EWHC 1494 (Comm)Case No CL-2025-000405
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE
BUSINESS AND PROPERTY COURTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES
KING'S BENCH DIVISION
COMMERCIAL COURT
IN THE MATTER OF THE ARBITRATION ACT 1996
AND IN AN ARBITRATION CLAIM
Venue Royal Courts of Justice, Rolls Building, Fetter Lane,Date 18/06/2026
London, EC4A 1NL
THE HONOURABLE MR JUSTICE HENSHAW
TRANSATLANTICA COMMODITIES PTE LTDAppellantEUROCHEM TRADING GMBHRespondent
Paul Henton (instructed by Wikborg Rein LLP) for AppellantAndrew Leung (instructed by Hill Dickinson LLP) for RespondentHearing Hearing date: 20 March 2026Draft judgment circulated to parties: 16 June 2026Approved Judgment
[1]This is an appeal under section 69 of the Arbitration Act 1996 brought by the Appellant shipowners (“Owners”) against an arbitration award (“the Award”) made by Jon Elvey and Peter Jago (“the Tribunal”) dated 11 August 2025. The arbitration was conducted under the London Maritime Arbitrators Association (LMAA) Terms 2021.[2]The arbitration arose from a Contract of Affreightment dated 21 May 2020 for the carriage of cargoes of fertiliser from Sillamae, Estonia to ports in Brazil/North America during the period 15 May to 15 November 2020 (“the Contract”). The Contract provided for the carriage of three cargoes, or four at the option of the Respondents (“Charterers”).[3]The Contract provided that:- i) for each shipment, Charterers had to declare a 4-day laycan spread at least 15-days in advance; ii) Owners then had to nominate a performing vessel at least five days SSHEX before the first day of the declared laycan, and narrow the laycan to 3-days; and iii) Charterers then had to approve the nominated vessel within 24 hours SSHEX of Owners’ nomination.[4]The first two shipments were performed in a manner which did not lead to any claims, as follows:- i) a first shipment, by the M/V “Union Trader” (laycan 14-17 August 2020); and ii) a second shipment, by the M/V "Monegasque Epee” (laycan 13-16 September 2020.[5]In relation to the proposed third shipment:- i) On 25 September 2020, Charterers validly declared a laycan of 12-15 October 2020 for three grades of fertiliser. ii) Owners responded on 7 October 2020, purporting to nominate the vessel “Friedrich Schulte” with an ETA of 5-10 November 2020. That was a non-contractual nomination as the proposed ETA was much later than the specified laycan. In response to a query, Owners confirmed that their response had not been an error and that “we don’t have ship for October and this is earliest we have”. iii) Charterers indicated that they were therefore “forced to seek and take spot vessel from market to cover this shipment”, and did so. Charterers fixed a substitute vessel on 9 October 2020, the “Abtenauer”, which loaded and carried the cargo that had been the subject of Charterers’ 25 September 2020 declaration. Charterers reserved their right to claim damages for Owners’ breach of contract. They also indicated that they would “revert closer to November if the vessel can be accepted – as soon as Charterers clarify the November schedule …”.[6]On 15 October 2020, Charterers made a fourth declaration under the Contract for another cargo, initially specified as two grades of fertiliser totalling 35,000 MT (+/- 10%), with a laycan of 4-6 November 2020. After further correspondence, the parties agreed the “Friedrich Schulte” would carry a cargo of one grade of fertiliser 35,000 MT (+/- 10%) with a laycan (slightly outside the Contract period) of 17-19 November 2020. In the event, the cargo was loaded at Sillamae on 22-27 November 2020.[7]On 26 November 2020, Charterers purported to make a further declaration, but Owners rejected it as being outside the period of the Contract.[8]In the arbitration:- i) Charterers claimed damages in relation to their third nomination, made on 25 September 2020. The claim succeeded in the sum of US$382,410 plus €4,036.80, on the basis that Owners were in breach of contract by failing to make a contractual vessel nomination, forcing Charterers to go into the market for tonnage, resulting in the Abtenauer fixture. That decision is the sole subject of the appeal. ii) Charterers also claimed damages in respect of the proposed shipment that was the subject of their 26 November 2020 declaration, seeking compensation of US$495,600 plus €10,278.96. That claim failed, and is not the subject of any appeal. iii) Owners counterclaimed unpaid freight and demurrage in respect of the shipment performed by the “Friedrich Schulte” following Charterers’ 15 October 2020 declaration. The Tribunal awarded Owners US$227,523.25. iv) As a result, after netting off the parties’ liabilities referred to in (i) and (iii) above, the Tribunal ordered Owners to pay Charterers the net sum of US$154,886.75 + €4,036.80 plus interest. Costs were reserved.[9]The Tribunal rejected Owners’ case that(a) contract/market damages could not be recovered because the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment, following Charterers’ 15 October 2020 declaration (and subsequent correspondence), amounted to delayed performance of Owners’ obligations pursuant to their 25 September 2020 declaration; and(b) Charterers could not claim damages for non-performance of the voyage required by that declaration whilst also taking the benefit of performance of the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment at Contract rates.[10]Owners issued the present claim on 8 September 2025, seeking permission to appeal on the following question of law:- “Whether an Award of loss of bargain damages on a "contract/market" basis is the appropriate measure of loss recoverable for delayed delivery of a performing vessel under a contract of affreightment (COA), or for performance of a COA shipment in a manner other than that originally declared by the Charterer.”[11]On 19 December 2025, Jacobs J granted Owners permission to appeal on the basis that the third shipment under the Contract had been performed, albeit late, and while the higher cost of alternative freight might be the starting point for assessing damages, it was not appropriate to treat as irrelevant the benefit obtained by the actual shipment of the third cargo, on a rising market at a rate lower than the market rate.[12]For the reasons set out below, I have concluded that the Tribunal was correct, for the reasons it gave, and made no error of law. Owners’ case proceeds on the incorrect premise that the Tribunal awarded Charterers damages for late performance, when in fact, Charterers were claiming, and the Tribunal awarded, damages for non-performance of the shipment required by Charterers’ 25 September 2020 declaration.

(B) FACTS

[13]The Tribunal set out the main provisions of the Contract, the key terms of which are summarised in §§ 2 and 3 above. The main facts which the Tribunal then found were as follows.[14]There were no shipments under the Contract before August 2020, and the first two shipments were performed by M/V “UNION TRADER” (laycan 14-17 August 2020) and M/V “MONEGASQUE EPEE” (laycan 13-16 September 2020). Although those shipments were not performed exactly in compliance with the Contract, they did not give rise to any claims.[15]The factual background very much depended upon what was said by the parties during the course of email exchanges between September and December 2020. There were also a few telephone exchanges between the parties, but the parties had agreed that the important evidence was in writing in the form of the emails.[16]On 21 September 2020, Charterers informed Owners by way of "pre advise only" that they had scheduled the third shipment for mid-October, with an intended laycan of around 12-15 October 2020, and that they would revert with a laycan nomination in due course.[17]On 23 September 2020, Owners asked Charterers to shift the laycan for the third shipment to 5-10 November 2020 when they expected to have their own vessel available. Charterers responded on the same day as follows:
"In November we plan to have the 4th shipment arnd [around] those days, so we could try to match on that one, will see closer to Nov. However we will also need the 3rd shipment in Oct, will revert asap with laycan."
[18]Owners continued to propose to shift the shipment to November, and on 25 September 2020, Charterers replied: “Regarding your email — we have a certain schedule of shipments which we need to comply with. Moreover our COA with you is ending on 15th November — there is no clear picture of November shipments yet and if we will have enough suitable lots before that date. Also the decision on which shipments are to be done under COA are made with the direction of Head of Product Management & Trading so we cannot change anything without his consent. … In order however to at least evaluate your proposition please confirm that in case we agree to postpone TBN3 then COA validity will be amended as follows: "- COA PERIOD...TILL 15TH DECEMBER 2020." Based on your reply we will try then to discuss again internally and with the management, without guarantee though.” "- COA PERIOD...TILL 15TH DECEMBER 2020."[19]Owners emailed back the same day, saying:- “We confirm your below. Pls let me know accordingly.” Pls let me know accordingly.”[20]Later on 25 September 2020, Charterers sent the following message:- “Chrtrs hereby declare for 3rd cargo under COA as flws: - STEM SIZE: 35 000 MTS 10 PCT MOLOO - LAYCAN: 12/15 OCT 2020 - DISCHPORT: VILA DO CONDE - 3 GRADES OF HARMLESS FERTS, INTENTION AS FLWS: … Plse kindly confirm tday the receipt of this mail and revert with performer (incl. stowplan) in due time as per COA terms.”[21]Charterers chased Owners for a response on 30 September 2020 and again on 2 October 2020, following which Owners said:- “Ship will be nominated in due time as per cp accordingly.”[22]On 7 October 2020 Owners sent this message:- "We hereby nominate Friedrich Schulte performer for 3rd shipment ETA Sillame 05-10 November Expecte intake 36000-36500 mt Demm usd 8000 hd wts at load, dem usd hd at disch Pls confirm laycan 05-10 November for 3rd shipment accordingly.”[23]Charterers responded swiftly:- “Thanks yours. Assume this is some kind of mistake, the nominated laycan is 12/15 OCT 2020? Please kindly recheck and advise eta Sillame.” Please kindly recheck and advise eta Sillame.”[24]Owners replied, also on 7 October 2020:- “This is not mistake, we don't have ship for October and this is earliest we have. ETA Sillamae 05-06 Nov agw/wp." ETA Sillamae 05-06 Nov agw/wp."[25]Again on 7 October 2020, Charterers said:- “Thanks a lot for your reply however the Charterers needed to ship their cargo in October on the dates we have provided to Owners in accordance with c/p. The November dates are not available yet from port anyway (moreover, it is already the 4th shipment under COA that was to be done in Nov). It is a surprise to get such a reply so late as the Charterers have informed Owners well in advance and we have also received feedback from Owners that Owners are working on it. As the Owners have no possibility/intention to provide the tonnage for 12/15 OCT 2020 laycan as was requested by Charterers, please note Charterers are forced to seek and take spot vessel from market to cover this shipment. All Charterers rights are fully reserved and Charterers will have no choice but to come back to the question later on and to claim the appropriate compensation or agree on alternative means of recovering their losses from the Owners. Regarding MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE Charterers will revert closer to November if the vessel can be accepted - as soon as Charterers clarify the November schedule. In case an agreement will be reached on MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE to perform 3rd voyage in November, the Charterers will also request Owners to perform 4th shipment after that, with COA period extended respectively to cover this 4th shipment; same to be discussed in due time.”[26]In order to perform the 12/15 October shipment, Charterers went into the market seeking tonnage, and on 9 October 2020 they voyage chartered the M/V “Abtenauer”, which was able to load within dates close to those Charterers required.[27]The “Abtenauer” tendered NOR at Sillamae and berthed on 21 October 2020, and loaded 7,000 mts of MOP, 16,500 mts of MAP and 10,000 mts of CAN. Loading was completed on 28 October 2020.[28]On 15 October 2020 Charterers emailed Owners as follows:
“As per Nov schedule - Pls consider following possibility: MAP 15000 +/-10% 04-06.11.20 TBA VDC/Itaqui, Brazil GMOP 20000 +/-10% Can we nominate yr mv Friedrich Schulte as performer for 3rd shipment? Chrtrs hereby declare for 3rd cargo under COA as flws: - STEM SIZE: 35 000 MTS 10 PCT MOLOO - LAYCAN: 04-06 NOV 2020 - DISCHPORT: VILA DO CONDE/ITAQUI - 2 GRADES OF HARMLESS FERTS, INTENTION AS FLWS: -- grade A/ GMOP SF ABT 40 WOG -- grade B/ MAP SF ABT 40 WOG Pls kindly confirm the receipt of this mail and revert if we can nominate yr my Friedrich Schulte as a performer.”
VDC/Itaqui, Brazil GMOP 20000 +/-10% Can we nominate yr mv Friedrich Schulte as performer for 3rd shipment?

Chrtrs hereby declare for 3rd cargo under COA as flws:

[29]On 16 October 2020, Owners indicated that the Friedrich Schulte's dates would be “closer to 10-15 November”, to which Charterers responded, “we will try our best to accommodate her under her loading schedule”. On 19 October 2020, Owners updated Charterers stating that they expected the Friedrich Schulte to be free for “Sillamae 10-15 Nov".[30]On 21 October 2020 Charterers emailed as follows:- “Further to all our discussions Charterers can agree to give you the following cargo as the 3rd cargo under our COA bss your MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE: -STEM SIZE: 35 000 MTS 20 PCT MOLOO -LAYCAN 17-19 NOV 2020 -DISCHPORT: VILA DO CONDE CHOPT VILA DO CONDE+ITAQUI -1 GRADE OF HARMLESS MAP FERTS SF ABT 40 WOG. Pls kindly confirm the receipt of this mail and that we can proceed to nominate the MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE as a performer to all concerned parties bss above details for this cargo. !!! Re 4th cargo under our COA — as the shipment of 3rd cargo got delayed due to Owners' request and as we have already discussed with you — pls confirm we extend COA period accordingly to cover the remaining shipment, suggest till end of December 2020. We will discuss the possible dates later on then.”[31]Charterers sent chasers thereafter on 22 October 2020, 27 October 2020 (“Please update on situation - as usual need proper nomination from your side to apply to all parties for respective approvals”), on 30 October 2020 and 2 November 2020.[32]On 2 November 2020 Owners said the ETA for the Friedrich Schulte at Sillamae was 22-27 November 2020 "agw/wp". Charterers responded:- "Thanks for your e-mail. The dates now however look much later than was communicated by you earlier. We have tried our best to adjust our laycan to your lady's schedule but now it seems they again do not match. Also can you pls advise what is the cargo onboard Friedrich Schulte now? Pls advise/confirm if you nominate another lady for 17/19 Nov laycan as was given in our message? … Also on the 4th voyage under COA - as your performer for the 3rd voyage is nominated for dates which are much more later than chrtrs initial laycan (we have nominated initially 12/15 Oct as 3rd voyage laycan) Charterers are still going to perform the 4th voyage later on but obviously after the 3rd one is loaded. Charterers are going to nominate the laycan for the 4th voyage in due course, however meanwhile you are welcome to advise when you will have your next tonnage available (chrtrs can evaluate, albeit without any obligations to Chrtrs).”[33]Over the next few days Charterers asked for updates regarding the ETA of the “Friedrich Schulte”, and on 5 November 2020 they said:- “Have not received any feedback on below. Pls urgently revert on if Owners have another lady to nominate for 17/19 Nov laycan. We have our schedule and need to understand how we shall proceed - for what we need your clear reply. We cannot leave it for the last moment as last time, when we got into situation where we had no vessel for our dates and had serious issues because of that. Re Friedrich Schulte pls advise what is the cargo onboard Friedrich Schulte now? Pls update itinerary/best ETA Sillamae as well.” Pls update itinerary/best ETA Sillamae as well.”[34]On 5 November, Owners at first indicated “estimate vessel readiness at Sillamae for 18-24 Nov”, which was overtaken shortly afterwards by Owners saying, “Maybe even 17-22 Nov”, and then “eta Sillamae looks like 18-19 Nov if agw/wp”.[35]On 9 November 2020 Charterers said this:- “Regret have not received any feedback from you since last Thursday, hope all ok? Technical info on cranes / etc. (have actually asked abt the length of crane boom and GA plan / deck crane scheme still on 27th Oct?..) was needed urgently for making the decision on what we could do from our side... Anyway, in order to accommodate your vessel after our internal discussions tday we can therefore finally propose below cargo / laycan as 3rd voyage under our coa bss your MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE: - STEM SIZE: 35 000 MTS 10 PCT MOLOO - LAYCAN: 24-26 NOV 2020 (Chrtrs will do their best to commence loading earlier in case the vessel arrives earlier)...”

MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE:

[36]There followed correspondence in which Owners claimed that they had previously nominated the Friedrich Schulte” but Charterers said they had not. In any event, on 10 November 2020, Owners said:- “...We hereby nominate Friedrich Schulte performer for 3rd shipment in line with cp … FULL ITINERARY (PRESENT POSITION/SCHEDULE/ETA LOADING PORT): ETA Flushing 14 Nov ETB upon arrival ETC/S 15 Nov ETA Sillamae 17-18 Nov if agw/wp” FULL ITINERARY (PRESENT POSITION/SCHEDULE/ETA LOADING PORT): ETA Flushing 14 Nov ETB upon arrival ETC/S 15 Nov ETA Sillamae 17-18 Nov if agw/wp”

ETC/S 15 Nov

[37]The next day, 11 November 2020, Charterers accepted this nomination:- “Charterers herewith confirm acceptance of MV FRIEDRICH SCHULTE, laycan 17/19 Nov, eta Sillamae 17/18 Nov as performer for the 3rd voyage under EuroChem / Transatlantica COA dd 21/05/2020.”[38]The “Friedrich Schulte” tendered NOR at Sillamae on 22 November 2020 and completed loading of 36,900 mts GMAP on 27 November 2020.[39]On 26 November 2020 Charterers sent the following message:- “Charterers hereby declare for the 4th cargo under TRANSATLANTICA / EUROCHEM COA DD 21/05/2020 as flws: - LAYCAN: 15/18 DEC 2020 … Pls kindly confirm today the receipt of this mail/nomination and advise on the intended performer.” Pls kindly confirm today the receipt of this mail/nomination and advise on the intended performer.”[40]On the same day, Owners responded:- "Timebar for nomination of optional parcel was 28.10.2020 which was not executed by charterers therefore COA is completed with last performer my Friedrich Schulte. Charterers' nomination is invalid and therefore owners will not nominate the ship for it.”[41]Charterers replied on 26 November 2020:- “Thanks for your reply. However please kindly refer to our correspondence and your confirmation on 25th September 2020 — that if the Owners do not perform the 3rd shipment on time as initially requested by Charterers, then Owners agree that COA validity is extended till 15th December 2020. The 3rs shipment is performed by Owners much later than initially requested by Charterers. As such the Charterers 4th nomination is fully in line with our discussion. Please kindly reconfirm and advise on the intended performer." Please kindly reconfirm and advise on the intended performer."[42]However, Owners maintained that there had been no agreement to extend the Contract, and on 9 December 2020 Charterers chartered the M/V "Rila" to load and carry MOP and MAP from Sillamae to Vitoria and Paranagua. The freight rate was US$27.00 per mt and the total cargo loaded was 40,000mts.

(C) THE TRIBUNAL’S REASONING

[43]The Tribunal dealt with Charterers’ damages claim in respect of its 25 September 2020 declaration as follows:- “The Charterers’ declaration on 25 September 2020 (the third shipment) 42. As quoted above, on 25 September 2020 the Charterers said, inter alia, “Chtrs hereby declare for 3rd cargo under COA as flws:… LAYCAN: 12/15 OCT 2020”. The Owners accepted that the Charterers had therefore formally declared a laycan of 12-15 October and that this was the third laycan nomination under the COA. The Charterers said that this nomination was therefore written into the COA and was valid and binding, and furthermore triggered the Owners’ obligations to narrow the laycan and nominate the performing vessel by 5 October 2020. Although not required under the COA, on 2 October 2020 the Owners said that a performing vessel would be nominated in due time “as per” the COA. However, the Charterers said that by 6 October 2020 the Owners had failed to narrow the laycan and nominate the performing vessel in accordance with the COA and were therefore in breach.43. The Owners did not seek to nominate a vessel until 7 October 2020 when they nominated FRIEDRICH SCHULTE with an ETA of 5-10 November 2020. Accordingly, not only had the Owners failed to nominate a vessel and narrow the laycan following the Charterers’ declaration of 25 September 2020, as required by the COA, but when they did eventually nominate a vessel it was for a laycan nearly one month later than in accordance with the Charterers’ declaration of 25 September 2020. In fairness, on 7 October 2020 the Owners had explained “…we have ship for October and this [i.e. the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE] is the earliest we have”.44. By the time of their closing submissions the Owners did not contest the Charterers’ factual averment that the Owners had declared a laycan for the third shipment of 12-15 October 2020 which was not performed, and in any event we accept the Charterers’ submissions that the Owners were in breach of the COA following the Charterers’ declaration of 25 September 2020.45. As a result of the position they were put in by the Owners, the Charterers said they had no option but to go into the market seeking tonnage to perform the 12-15 October shipment. On 9 October they voyage chartered the MV ABTENAUER to perform the October shipment, and they claimed additional freight in the sum of US$382,410.00 in overall comparison with the freight that would have been incurred had the Owners performed this shipment under the COA. The Charterers also claimed additional storage and trucking services because the cargo was loaded on the ABTENAUER a little later than the declared laycan of 12-15 October 2020. These costs amounted to Euro 4,036.80.46. The Owners disputed the suggestion that the Charterers can claim contract/market damages for loss of a shipment on 12-15 October 2020, given that the parties went on to agree revised dates for the third COA voyage in November 2020. The Owners raised a number of arguments including the following: (1) The Owners said that the third COA shipment was performed (albeit later than the Charterers had originally intended). We agree that the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE shipment was the third shipment under the COA. It was not however a shipment performed in accordance with the COA or the “detailed regime of notifications / ETA's” (as referred to by the Owners) which required a shipment with a laycan of 12-15 October 2025. Indeed the Owners accepted that their counter-proposal to nominate the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE to perform in November "was non-contractual". In his witness statement, Mr Tsvilyuk, the Owners' Chartering Manager, said:
“To my mind, the proposal of the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE for the November shipment dates was intended to deal with the issue of the October shipment dates which TAC was unable to accommodate as a kind of compromise.”
Even Mr Tsvilyuk seemed to have some doubts as to whether the Owners offered the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE as a compromise or not, and there is no evidence that Mr Tsvilyuk conveyed what he had in mind to the Charterers. In any event the Charterers certainly did not agree that the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE was a compromise. On 7 October 2020 the Charterers made their position clear:
"As the Owners have no possibility / intention to provide the tonnage for 12/15 OCT 2020 laycan as was requested by Charterers, please note Charterers are forced to seek and take spot vessel from market to cover this shipment. All Charterers rights are fully reserved and Charterers will have no choice but to come back to the question later on and to claim the appropriate compensation or agree on alternative means of recovering their losses from the Owners."
Accordingly, the Charterers clearly gave notice to the Owners that they would be claiming any losses from the Owners. The Owners have also said that the Charterers have incorrectly characterised the Owners' message of 7 October 2020 as a refusal to perform the third shipment. We consider the Charterers were justified in doing so. The Owners said they did not have a ship for October, and they did not offer one for October at any stage. The third shipment required a ship to meet the October dates, and the Owners said they would not be providing one. The fact that a third shipment was eventually performed is not sufficient to remedy the Owners' breach of contract in failing to provide a vessel to meet the October laycan, or their breaches of the COA regime following the Charterers' declaration of 25 September 2020. Nor was it sufficient to negate the Charterers' reservation of rights contained in their email of 7 October 2020. (2) The Owners said that the November 2020 FRIEDRICH SCHULTE shipment was expressly agreed per the Charterers' own contemporaneous words “as 3rd voyage under our coa”. As mentioned above, we agree that the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE shipment was the third shipment under the COA. This is simply the factual position. By the time the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE was nominated the Owners had only performed two of the three/four shipments to which the Charterers were entitled under the COA. The parties agreed the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE shipment would be on COA terms, but clearer words would have been required in order to establish that the Charterers were giving up their accrued rights for breaches of the COA referred to above. If this is what the Owners intended, they should have said so, and then the Charterers could have decided whether to proceed with the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE and give up their rights, or not. Whilst Mr Tsvilyuk may have considered the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE to be a "kind of compromise", there is no evidence of any such agreement between the parties. (3) The Owners said the parties expressly and unequivocally agreed that there was a contractual variation whereby the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE became the third COA shipment instead of what the Charterers had originally intended. We disagree. Once again, whilst the Charterers may have considered the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE to be a shipment under the COA, and therefore logically the third shipment, this was insufficient to imply that the Charterers were thereby relinquishing their accrued rights. (4) The Owners said there was ample consideration for the variation of the COA. In our view however, even if there was consideration for the variation, there is insufficient evidence that a term of the variation was that the Charterers would relinquish their accrued rights. (5) In answer to the Charterers' contention that there was no waiver of their accrued rights, the Owners said that actually performing the third shipment in November and doing so expressly "as 3rd voyage under COA" was a clear and unequivocal waiver. For the reasons already given, and on the facts of this case, we disagree.” and:- “Damages for the Owners’ breach in respect of the third shipment 62. The Charterers claim US$382,410 plus €4,036.80 comprising the market / contract freight differential between the ABTENAUER charter and the COA, and the costs of additional storage. 63. The Charterers set out their claim as follows: (i) In order to perform this shipment and/or in reasonable mitigation of their losses, Charterers chartered in the “ABTENAUER” at a net freight rate of US$26.08 per mt (US$26.75 per mt minus 2.5% address commission). Under the COA, the applicable freight rate would have been US$13.94 per mt (US$14.30 per mt, minus 2.5% address commission). (ii) The cargo loaded was that named in Charterers' 12/15 October laycan nomination on 25 September 2020, viz., 10,000mt CAN 15,000mt MAN (both +/-10%) and 7,000mt-10,000mt MOP respectively sold under sale contract nos. 4811 and 4631 (for delivery within October 2020) and 4683 (for delivery from mid-October to mid-November 2020). (iii) Charterers loaded 33,500 mt of cargo in total and paid US$873,721.88 in respect of freight. (iv) The freight differential between the mitigation voyage and the COA was US$12.14 per metric ton. The cargo quantity declared to Owners was 35,000mt +/- 10% in Owners' option, meaning that the minimum quantity that Owners were required to carry was 31,500mt. (v) Further, due to Owners' breaches and the need to arrange an alternative vessel, this cargo was loaded slightly later than the declared laycan of 12/15 October 2020, meaning that additional storage and additional trucking services were needed. Charterers were charged €0.58 per metric ton by the terminal at Sillamae, and therefore incurred a total of €4,036.80 in this regard (which equates to US$4,875.16 at today's exchange rate of €1 = US$1.20765). 64. The Owners said that the Charterers' damages calculation is misconceived because, in a nutshell, they cannot claim both damages for non-performance of the third voyage in October (on contract/market basis) and take the benefit of performance of the third voyage in November. 65. We disagree. The Owners were obliged to perform a shipment in October and did not do so. The Charterers maintained their right to damages for this breach throughout. Whether or not the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE voyage conferred a financial benefit on the Charterers is not relevant. The Charterers were entitled to three voyages under the COA in accordance with their contractual declarations, and the Owners failed to perform the third voyage as originally declared, thereby causing the Charterers' loss. 66. For completeness, and in any event, the parties submitted expert reports on the issue of any financial benefit from the third shipment being performed in November rather than October. The respective experts used different methodology and arrived at different conclusions, although ultimately the differences between them, and whether there was a financial advantage or not, were marginal.” (i) In order to perform this shipment and/or in reasonable mitigation of their losses, Charterers chartered in the “ABTENAUER” at a net freight rate of US$26.08 per mt (US$26.75 per mt minus 2.5% address commission). Under the COA, the applicable freight rate would have been US$13.94 per mt (US$14.30 per mt, minus 2.5% address commission). (ii) The cargo loaded was that named in Charterers' 12/15 October laycan nomination on 25 September 2020, viz., 10,000mt CAN 15,000mt MAN (both +/-10%) and 7,000mt-10,000mt MOP respectively sold under sale contract nos. 4811 and 4631 (for delivery within October 2020) and 4683 (for delivery from mid-October to mid-November 2020). (iii) Charterers loaded 33,500 mt of cargo in total and paid US$873,721.88 in respect of freight. (iv) The freight differential between the mitigation voyage and the COA was US$12.14 per metric ton. The cargo quantity declared to Owners was 35,000mt +/- 10% in Owners' option, meaning that the minimum quantity that Owners were required to carry was 31,500mt. (v) Further, due to Owners' breaches and the need to arrange an alternative vessel, this cargo was loaded slightly later than the declared laycan of 12/15 October 2020, meaning that additional storage and additional trucking services were needed. Charterers were charged €0.58 per metric ton by the terminal at Sillamae, and therefore incurred a total of €4,036.80 in this regard (which equates to US$4,875.16 at today's exchange rate of €1 = US$1.20765).

(D) ANALYSIS

[44]Owners’ key submissions may be summarised as follows:- i) The Tribunal found that the third shipment under the Contract was performed, albeit late/not “as originally declared”: Award §§ 46, 46(1), 46(2) and 64-65. It expressly found that the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment was the third Contract shipment: see e.g. Award ¶46(1):
“We agree that the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE shipment was the third shipment under the COA”, and again at ¶46(2): “As mentioned above, we agree that the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE shipment was the third shipment under the COA. This is simply the factual position”. ii) Although the Tribunal did not find in terms that the Friedrich Schulte shipment was caused by Owners’ breach, it would not have occurred but for the breach, and but for that breach Charterers would not have been entitled to have the Friedrich Schulte shipment at Contract rates. iii) Charterers did not accept Owners’ breach as a repudiation of the Contract, but instead accepted the Friedrich Schulte shipment as late performance of the third Contract shipment obligation. iv) The Tribunal also found that the option to have a fourth shipment was not exercised (Award §§ 47-61). v) Given those findings, the Tribunal erred in law in awarding damages based on “the market / contract freight differential between the ABTENAUER charter and the COA, and the costs of additional storage” (Award ¶62) for (as found) breaches in relation to a shipment (the third under the Contract) which was not non-performed but merely delayed. vi) If the third Contract shipment had simply never been performed, then an award of ‘contract/market’ damages (“Abtenauer” rates less Contract rates) would have been necessary to place Charterers in the position they would have occupied if it had been so performed. This would be necessary to put Charterers in the relevant “no breach world” of having three Contract shipments performed in accordance with the contractual terms. vii) But, since (as found) the third Contract shipment was performed, the Tribunal’s Award places Charterers in the monetary position of having four Contract shipments performed: i.e., the “Union Trader”, “Monegasque Epee”, “Abtenauer” and “Friedrich Schulte”
. That is not the relevant ‘no breach’ position to which Charterers were to be returned. viii) Accordingly, the Tribunal erroneously delivered Charterers to the position they would have been in had four shipments been performed, when the contractual entitlement was only to three. That conferred an obvious and unjustified windfall on Charterers. As the Tribunal said, “The Charterers were entitled to three voyages under the COA in accordance with their contractual declarations” (emphasis added) . ix) The critical error is at Award ¶65, where the Tribunal concluded that the actual performance of the third Contract shipment (albeit delayed) was to be ignored or treated as irrelevant to the assessment of damages for Owners’ (as found) breaches in relation to that same shipment (viz, failure to perform that shipment “in accordance with [the Charterers] contractual declarations” or “as originally declared [by Charterers]”). That resulted in the unjustified windfall. x) Further, the effect of the Tribunal’s decision was to give Charterers both the “Friedrich Schulte” at Contract rates and the differential which it assessed as necessary to deliver the “Abtenauer” shipment at Contract rates. As

the Judge put it when granting leave:

“It may be that such damages might possibly be assessed, as a starting point, by reference to the higher cost (on a rising charter market) of shipping cargo that should have been and needed to be shipped earlier, i.e. on the contractual date for performance of the obligation to ship the 3rd cargo. However, I cannot see that it would then be appropriate to treat as irrelevant (see the Award paragraph [65]) the benefit obtained by the fact that the actual shipment of the 3rd cargo took place – on a rising charter market – under the terms of the COA fixed at a rate lower than the then market rate. The tribunal’s award therefore confers a windfall upon the charterers, who in substance have the benefit of 2 shipments at the lower COA rate (i.e. the Abtenauer shipment, and the 3rd contractual shipment on the Friedrich Schulte) rather than only the single shipment (the 3rd shipment under the COA) which they were contractually entitled to receive.”
[45]I am unable to accept those submissions.[46]As a preliminary matter, it is important to avoid confusion arising from the way in which numbering may be ascribed to shipments that were, or should have been, made under the Contract. All in, the case concerned five shipments and cargos:- i) The first Contract shipment, on the “Union Trader”. ii) The second Contract shipment, on the “Monegasque Epee”. iii) The shipment which should have been made, as the third Contract shipment, pursuant to Charterers’ declaration of 25 September 2020, but which, following Owners’ breach, was instead carried by the “Abtenauer”. iv) The shipment of a different cargo, following Charterers’ declaration of 15 October 2020 and subsequent correspondence, on the “Friedrich Schulte”. That was, as matters turned out, the third shipment under the Contract. However, but for Owners’ breach referred to in (iii) above, it is a shipment which Charterers would at least prima facie have been entitled to as an optional fourth shipment under the Contract. v) The proposed shipment of a fifth cargo pursuant to Charterers’ purported declaration of 26 November 2020. That declaration was made outside the Contract period. In any event, it would have involved over-compensation of Charterers had they been held entitled to recover damages for Owners’ breach following the 25 September 2020 declaration as well as for the shipment purportedly declared on 26 November 2020. That would have put Charterers’ in the position as if they had had five shipments under the Contract, one more than they were entitled to. However, the Tribunal’s finding that the 26 November 2020 declaration was non-contractual is irrelevant to the question of whether Charterers were entitled, as they did, to make a fourth declaration under the Contract on 15 October 2020 in addition to the third declaration made on 25 September 2020.[47]Owners’ case depends on the Tribunal having found there to have been breach in the nature of delay, on the ground that the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment was merely late performance of the shipment required pursuant to Charterers’ 25 September 2020 declaration, and that the “Friedrich Schulte” occurred as a consequence of Owners’ breach in relation to that shipment.[48]Owners’ case also depends on the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment being one that Charterers were not otherwise entitled to under the Contract. Otherwise, it would not be a benefit flowing from the breach but simply another shipment to which Charterers were entitled under the Contract.[49]However, Owners are in my view wrong on both of those matters.[50]Although the Tribunal said in Award § 46(1) that the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment “was the third shipment under the COA”, they made it abundantly clear that it did not constitute late performance of the shipment required by Charterers’ 25 September 2020 declaration and, to the contrary, that that shipment was simply not performed. Later in the same paragraph of the Award (46(1)), the Tribunal expressly accepted Charterers’ characterisation of Owners’ 7 October 2020 message as “a refusal to perform the third shipment”, which “required a ship to meet the October dates, and the Owners said they would not be providing one”. The Tribunal also noted there that the fact that “a third shipment” (my emphasis) was eventually performed did not remedy Owners’ breach in “failing to provide a vessel to meet the October laycan”, nor negate Charterers’ reservation of rights in their 7 October 2020 email. In Award § 46(2), the Tribunal spelt out explicitly that, by agreeing that the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment was the third shipment under the Contract, they meant that “[t]his is simply the factual position. By the time the FRIEDRICH SCHULTE was nominated the Owners had only performed two of the three/four shipments to which Charterers were entitled under the COA”. In Award § 46(3) the Tribunal expressly disagreed with Owners’ suggestion that there had been a variation whereby the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment became the third Contract shipment “instead of what the Charterers had originally intended”. In Award § 65 the Tribunal confirmed that Owners “were obliged to perform a shipment in October and did not do so”.[51]Nor can it be said that the Tribunal was bound to treat the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment as the delayed third shipment on basis that Charterers were entitled to three shipments “in accordance with their contractual declarations” (Award § 65). The Tribunal was not, in that passage, suggesting that Charterers were entitled to no more than three shipments under the Contract. To the contrary, as quoted above, the Tribunal correctly recognised in Award § 46(2) that Charterers were entitled to “three/four shipments” under the Contract. For Owners to be correct on this point, there would have needed to be a finding by the Tribunal that the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment was not one to which Charterers could have been entitled in addition to the shipment required by their 25 September 2020 declaration. However, the Tribunal made no such finding.[52]Nor would there have been any reason to make such a finding. Charterers in fact made four declarations under the Contract, namely (i) and (ii) the declarations relating to the “Union Trader” and “Monegasque Epee” shipments, (iii) the 25 September 2020 declaration and (iv) the 15 October 2020 declaration (which in due course led to the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment). As regards the last of those, the laycan dates were, in the event, rescheduled by agreement after Owners indicated that they were unable to meet those originally declared (4-6 November 2020). However, there is no reason to believe that that would not equally have occurred in the counterfactual situation in which Owners had performed the October shipment pursuant to Charterers’ 25 September 2020 declaration.[53]Thus, Owners’ suggestion that the effect of the Tribunal’s decision was to confer a ‘windfall’ on Charterers is(a) unsupported by any findings by the Tribunal and(b) in any event incorrect.[54]Owners’ submission that Charterers did not treat the Contract as repudiated is in my view not relevant. The Tribunal’s finding that Owners failed to perform the shipment required by Charterers’ 25 September 2020 declaration did not require a finding that the Contract had been brought to an end. It was simply a finding of refusal to perform a freestanding obligation arising in the course of the Contract. By affirming the Contract, Charterers were not in some way accepting the “Friedrich Schulte” shipment as delayed performance of that freestanding obligation, as opposed to performance of a subsequent obligation. Further, as Charterers point out, each shipment under a contract of affreightment is a separate adventure: Classic Maritime v Limbungan [2019] EWHC 619 (Comm)at [61] per Butcher J. Each such adventure is capable of discharge by breach separately and individually from the other shipments: Classic Maritime v Limbungan [2019] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 178 at [25] per Males LJ. Lord Atkinson in Larrinaga v. Société Franco-Americaine des Phosphates (1923) 14 Ll. L. Rep. 457, 461 described a contract of affreightment in this way:- “The appellants and respondents entered into one contract, not six contracts; but this one contract dealt with six wholly distinct, separate, and severable adventures between which there was no interdependence in the sense that the carrying out of any one of them was made to depend in any way upon the carrying out or abandonment of any of the others. The six adventures were not united into one composite adventure by any condition of that kind.”[55]In the present case, Charterers’ 25 September 2020 nomination was not merely a nomination containing specific dates, but one identifying a specific cargo. The later shipment on the “Friedrich Schulte” was a distinct adventure, not merely for different dates but for a different cargo. (It was presumably the “4th shipment” envisaged for November by Charterers’ email of 23 September 2020 quoted earlier.) I agree with Charterers that it is thus a misnomer to describe it as late performance of the October shipment required pursuant to the 25 September 2020 declaration. That prior shipment was not, and could not be, performed by Owners as the relevant cargo had been lifted by another vessel. It was the Abtenauer fixture, not the later Friedrich Schulte shipment, that mitigated the loss caused by Owner’s failure to perform the shipment required by the 25 September 2020 declaration. Owners’ primary obligations in that regard were no longer capable of performance (late or otherwise) and had been replaced by a secondary obligation to pay damages. Since the cargo intended for the unperformed shipment in October was never loaded by Owners, Charterers are entitled to the orthodox measure of damages applicable in that event, viz. the difference between the charter and market rates (see, e.g., Voyage Charters (5th ed.), §21.110), as well as storage charges incurred due to loading of that cargo by the Abtenauer taking place slightly later than planned (Award § 62).

(E) CONCLUSION

[56]For these reasons, I conclude that there was no error of law. The appeal must be dismissed.[57]I am grateful to both counsel for their clear and helpful written and oral submissions.