Saldanha v Fulton Navigation Inc [2011] EWHC 1118 (Admlty)

The Neutral Citation Number: 2011 EWHC 1118 (Admity) Claim No. 2010 Fo. 9IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICEOUEEN'S BENCH DIVISIONADMIRALTY COURTBefore : Jervis Kay Q.C., Admiralty RegistrarDate Royal Courts of Justice Strand London WC2A 2LL Date: 10 th May 2011KENNEDY PAUL SALDANHAClaimant/ Respondent
Between
FULTON NAVIGATION INC.Defendant/ ApplicantRobert Weir Q.C. (instructed by Bridge McFarland) for Claimant/RespondentBernard Doherty (instructed by Thomas Cooper) for Defendant/ApplicantHearing Hearing date:- 22nd February 201 1JUDGMENTThe Backgroundl. The Claimant is an Indian national who was, at the material time, the First Engineer onboard the Defendant's ship "OMEGA KING". The ship is registered in the Marshall Islands. At the relevant time the ship was lying at anchor off the coast of Wales whilst awaiting a berth at Port Talbot, Avonmouth. It is common ground that the anchorage place was within United Kingdom waters. On the night of the 6th January 2008 the weather conditions deteriorated and became severe. There were strong winds and the height of both waves and swell increased. The vessel began to drag her anchor. Apparently the master decided to weigh anchor. It appears that the locking pin on the chain stopper was jammed as a result of the forces exerted on it. The restraining pin had bent and jammed thus preventing the capstan or windlass from raising the anchor. The deck crew being unable to resolve the situation, the First Engineer was asked to inspect the pin to see whether the matter could be resolved. The Claimant went forward and inspected the pin. He then went to the engine room to get a grinder. On his return to the forecastle the Claimant was inspecting the fore end of the pin when a large wave broke over the bow. He was knocked or fell against a nearby böllard and thereby suffered injury. The Claimant was taken ashore for hospitalisation. He remained in hospital undergoing surgery and receiving treatment, firstly in the Frenchay Hospital in Bristol and then a hospital in London. He was finally discharged from hospital on the 15th February 2008. After that he was repatriated to India where he underwent further outpatient treatment.
[2]The Claimants commenced proceedings and obtained permission to serve the claim form out of the jurisdiction. Before that happened there had been correspondence between the Claimant's solicitor and Gard (UK) Limited ("Gard"), the representatives of the Protection and Indemnity Insurers of the vessel. Gard are based in London. The purpose of the correspondence was to enquire whether the Owners would appoint London solicitors and whether there was any dispute as to the geographical position of the vessel at the time of the Claimant's injury. Gard indicated that service was to be made on the Owners. They did not take exception to the ship's position as proposed.[3]According to the affidavit of service made by Philip Okney, an attorney licensed to practice in the Marshall Islands, the Claim Form (and other necessary court documents) was served 'statutory agent for service of process for Fulton Navigation Inc."[4]The documents were then sent to Omega, the ship's managing agents in Piraeus. Apparently Omega had moved office to Athens and there is a question as to whether the documents were received in Greece. There is a receipt for the documents at the Piraeus office dated 6th July 2010 the documents do not appear in the log book of documents received by the Piraeus office. Omega contend that it did not receive the documents. No acknowledgment of service or challenge to the jurisdiction was made and judgment was entered in August 2010. A copy of that default judgment came the attention of the Defendant's P&l insurers on the 8th December 2010. On the 29th December 2010 the Defendant issued the application seeking(i) a declaration that the Court has no jurisdiction to hear the claim;(ii) a declaration that the Court will not exercise its jurisdiction in respect of this claim and(iii) an order that the judgment will be set aside. On the 22nd February 201 1, Thomas Cooper, the Defendant's solicitors in England, signed an acknowledgment of service indicating an intention to defend the claim and an intention to contest the jurisdiction.[5]The application raises the following issues:a. Does the court have jurisdiction to hear the claim?b. [f so, should it exercise its discretion to permit the claim to proceed in this country, the forum non conveniens point?c. Should time be extended for challenging the jurisdiction?d. Should the court set aside the judgment already obtained in default of a defence being filed?

Does the court have jurisdiction to hear the claim?

[6]This claim is brought in tort. By Practice Direction 6B paragraph 3. I• (a) damage "'as sustained within the jurisdiction, or(b) the damage sustained resultedfbrm an act committed within the jurisdiction.[7]The Claimant's case is that when the injury occurred the vessel was lying in a position Latitude 5 1 0 20.9' North, Longitude 003 0 23.3' West. That position has been plotted by Captain Clive Hill and is said to be within the territorial waters of the United Kingdom (for these purposes Wales). The Claimant's solicitors informed Gard in correspondence that this was the Claimant's case at an early stage and it has never been contradicted, At the hearing Mr. Doherty, for the Defendant, asserted that the injury happened over 5 miles off the coast but did not provide an alternative position nor one which was outside the territorial waters. At the hearing Mr. Doherty conceded that the incident took place in United Kingdom territorial waters. In any event, on the basis of the evidence available, it is clear that the ship's position at the relevant time was within territorial waters.[8]Mr. Weir QC. submitted that is an end of the matter because the accident occurred within the territorial waters of England and Wales and that this fact is not disputed. On the face of the Practice Direction referred to above that appears to be right however Mr. Doherty has drawn attention to the definition of jurisdiction under CPR Part 2.3, which provides:
" in these Rules 'jurisdiction' means, unless the context requires othenvise, England and Wales and any part Q/ the territorial wasters Qflhe United Kingdom adjoining England and Wales"
. Mr. Doherty submitted that, in this case, the "context requires otherwise". He did not seek to explain what it was about the context of Practice Direction 6B paragraph 3. I (9) which gave rise to any suggestion that a different definition of jurisdiction should be applied but he did seek to argue that where a tort occurs which arises wholly upon a foreign flagged vessel it is the jurisdiction of the ship's flag sate which must apply. He founded this submission on the basis of European law arising under (a) Council Regulation (EC) No.44/2001 of 22nd December 2000 (Brussels l) which provides that the primary basis for jurisdiction is the domicile of the Defendant. He drew attention to the decision of the European Court of Justice in Danmarks Rederifbrening v. LO Landsworganisation i Sverige (C-1 8/02) [2004] ECR. 1 1543 in which the court considered the jurisdictional aspects of a tort which was "wholly internal to a ship". According to Mr. Doherty it is the ratio of that case that it was for the national court to decide where the relevant loss arose and, in that context, the nationality of the ship would be a factor. However Mr. Doherty drew attention to the suggestion in the judgment that the nationality can play a decisive role if the national court reaches the conclusion that the damage arose onboard the relevant ship,[9]Mr. Doherty accepted that jurisdiction in the present case is not governed by Brussels I but he submitted that it is desirable that English Common law rules are aligned with European rules. He also submitted that Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament of the Council of I l July 2007 ("Rome Il") applies to cases where a choice of law was available. He therefore submitted that, under Brussels l , if an accident wholly internal to a ship was held to have occurred in the flag state of the ship then the same interpretation should hold under Rome Il. Thus he submitted that if the damage happens in the flag state for the choice of law purposes it should also be held to have occurred in the flag state for jurisdictional purposes. It should be noted that, unlike the present case, the Danmark case was concerned with matters arising within the jurisdiction of the European Court. It is also to be noted that it involved a claim in tort against a Swedish trade union in respect of a Danish ship which was trading between England and Sweden. In that case it is not clear where the tortious act or acts took place. A further problem is that Mr. Doherty's argument lacks cohesion. On his own argument Brussels I suggests that the flag state may be taken into account when considering the jurisdictional aspects but it does not rule out other factors. Nor do I think that the same criteria need necessarily be applied to issues of jurisdiction as to the choice of law. In any event the European rules do not apply to the present situation and Mr. Doherty has been unable to point to any English authority which suggests that, in circumstances such as the present, they should. It is also worth noting that principles of international comity apply not only within Europe but also upon a worldwide basis, particularly with respect to maritime law.[10]Mr. Weir submitted that the authorities and learned books strongly suggest that Mr.Doherty's submissions were not well founded. Thus in Booth v. Phillips [2004] EWHC 1437 it was held by Mr. Nigel Teare Q.C., as he then was and sitting as a Deputy High Court Judge, that where an English seaman died onboard a vessel in Egypt the damage had partially arisen in England because that was where his and estate had suffered some of the damage. It was held that the English Court had jurisdiction. In that case the ship was not registered in the United Kingdom nor was the seaman employed by an English Company but the master (the first Defendant) was domiciled in England. The owners were Liberian and the ship management company was Jordanian. It is to be noted that the court held that there were real issues against the first Defendant and that, therefore, the second, third and fourth defendants were proper parties. In Cooley v. Ramsey [2008] EWHC 129, Tugendhat J. held, citing the judgment in Booth v. Phillips with approval, that the English court did have jurisdiction in a case where an Englishman had been injured in New South Wales but had returned and, being disabled, had continued to suffer financial loss in England.[12]In MacKinnon v. Iberia Shipping Co. Ltd. [1954] 2 Lloyds Rep 372 (Court of Session) it was held that where a tortious act had occurred on a United Kingdom ship (registered at a Scottish port) within the territorial water of the Dominican Republic the event should be taken to have occurred in the Dominican Republic and not Scotland. The issue was whether solatium, which is a remedy peculiar to Scots law, could be recovered in circumstances where the injury had taken place in the waters of the Dominican Republic. The Courts held This brings me to the pursuer's supporting argument, that, even conceding the relevance of the law of the littoral State where there is some act done by those in charge of the vessel which affects the Government of the littoral State or its subjects, or indeed any person external to the vessel, yet, when everything takes place within the ship itself, there is no ground for invoking the law of the littoral State so as to displace the law of the flag. I find this argument attractive, but to give to it would be breaking new ground and running counter to everything to be found in the treatises on international law, with one exception which I shall discuss in a moment, and, as regards the decisions which bear on the principle of international law with which we are concerned, we were referred to only a single case (and that the decision of a Judge of first instance) which seeins to impinge on what is otherwise treated as settled. It is plain from what was said by Lord Atkin, when delivering the opinion of the Privy Council in the case of Chung Chi Cheung, [1 939] A.C. 160; (1938) 62 Ll.L.Rep. 151,that in modern times the idea of even a Government ship being a "floating island," belonging to and retaining the law of the country of its flag, has been abandoned. Much less, then, can it be urged with success that a private trading vessel can claim extraterritoriality. As in Chung Chi Cheung's case, sup. the delict took place while the vessel was being navigated and not even at anchor, it is plain that it is the mere presence of a ship within territorial waters that is conclusive. This is in harmony with what is stated by Dicey and Cheshire in the learned treatises associated with their names. But the pronouncelnents of these learned authors in their texts are supported by reference to authority. I refer to the cases of The Halley, (1868) L.R.2P.C.193; Carr v. Fracis Times & Co. [1902] A.C.. 1 76; The Arum [1 921] P. 12; Yorke v. British and Continental Steamship Co. (1945) 78 Ll.L.Rep 181. These cases point conclusively to the locus delicti being the country having the territorial waters within which the ship was at the relevant time, and that it matters not a whit whether the vessel was navigating or at anchor, in a roadstead or tied up to a quay, and also, what is equally clear, whether the events founded on as the basis of the delict or quasi-delict are wholly internal to the vessel, or partly external to it as in the case of a collision between vessels in territorial waters. Against this view, Mr Kissen for the pursuer relied on the case of The Reresby v. The Cobetas, (1923) Sc. L. T. 719 in which Lord Blackburn, sitting in the Outer House, found some reason for not following The Halle_v, sup. which was cited to him, which is not easy to justify or even to appreciate. In opinion, The Reresby was wrongly decided.[13]Mr. Doherty submitted that the decision in MacKinnon v. Iberia Shipping Co. Ltd is not binding. It is true that the main issue was the applicable law but it considers a number of aspects which have been raised by the parties in the present case and, since it was a decision of the Inner House which approved and applied the approach of earlier decisions of the Privy Council and of English courts there can be little doubt that it is persuasive. For these purposes I take the ratio of the decision in MacKinnon to be that the law of the flag state is applicable where a ship is in International Waters but not once it has entered territorial waters.[14]Mr. Weir Q.C. referred to the decision of the New South Wales Court of Appeal in Union Shipping New Zealand v. Morgan [2002] 54 NSWLR 690 in which it was held that where a tort was committed entirely onboard a foreign ship in the process of unloading and whilst moored in the territorial waters of New South Wales then the law of the littoral state (NSW) not the law of the flag applied. At paragraph 55 of his judgment Heydon JA said: it must be remembered that the defendant pointed to no case in the British Commonwealth which has held or said that MacKinnon v. Iberia Shipping Co. Ltd. was wrongly decided or that the law of the flag should be applied to a tort occurring on a ship in territorial waters. "[15]Mr. Weir has also drawn attention to the editions of Dicey, Morris and Collins on the Conflicts of Laws [1 4th Ed., 2006] and Cheshire, North and Fawcett, Private International Law [14th Ed., 2008]. In paragraphs 35-068 to 35-076 of Dicey, Morris and Collins considers Maritime torts and distinguishes between those committed on the high seas and those in territorial waters. With respect to cases which are internal to a single ship, such as an injury occurring onboard a ship, it is said that the relevant law is that of the place at which the vessel is registered. With respect to acts committed in territorial waters the learned authors have recognised there was an argument that, where an act is committed onboard a ship at anchor in or passing through territorial waters which had no connection with the littoral state, the law of the ship's flag should apply. However the learned authors submit that the provisions contained in Part Ill of the Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 c. 42 should apply. Section I I of that Act provides: (1) The general rule is that the applicable law is the law of the country in which the events constituting the tort or delict in question occur. There are some provisions in section 12 allowing the general rule to be avoided in certain circumstances but no argument was put forward by the Defendants that they applied and in my judgment they do not do so. It follows that there is no reason why the general rule as to the applicability of the littoral state should not apply. Furthermore, as the authors point out, it is considered that there is no English authority which precludes the common law rules as to choice of jurisdictions applying so that the law of the littoral state should be followed. I do not understand the authors ot' Private International Law to differ from that approach. A caveat to the above may be that the EC regulations override these principles where both the parties are subject to the regulations in the sense that the Defendant may be entitled to be sued in the courts of his own country (sed quaere in cases where the claim has been brought in rem, see The Owners Q/ the Bowditch v Owners Qfthe PO (The PO) [1991] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 206; [1 995] I.L.Pr. 52.). nonetheless it appears that s. I l of the Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995combined with the ratio in MacKinnon provide a sensible and workable modus operandi for establishing jurisdiction which accords with the provisions of CPR Practice Direction 6B paragraph 3. I (9).[16]Conclusion. For the reasons set out above I consider that Mr. Weir's submission is correct and that CPR Practice Direction 6B Paragraph 3. I (9) requires consideration of the physical location of the ship when the act was committed which gave rise to the damage sustained. That was in Welsh waters. I do not accept Mr. Doherty's argument that the context requires that the law or the jurisdiction of the flag state should be applied and, in my view, for the reasons set out above, the surrounding circumstances entirely support the opposite conclusion.[17]Further CPR Practice Direction 6B Paragraph 3.1(9) alternatively allows consideration of where the damages was suffered. In my view there can be no doubt that a considerable portion of the continuing pain and suffering occurred when the claimant was hospitalised within the jurisdiction and that following Booth v. Phillips that is sufficient to found jurisdiction. In my judgment both limbs of the paragraph 3.1(9) are applicable. The court therefore has jurisdiction to entertain the claim however there is still the question of whether the court should nonetheless exercise its discretion in accordance with the principles offorum non conveniens.

Forum non conveniens

[18]Mr. Doherty correctly refers to the principles set out in Spiliada Maritime Corp. v. Cansulex Lld [1987] A.C. 460 however he now finds himself in the rather strange position of having initially argued that the appropriate jurisdiction is the Marshall Islands nonetheless submitting that the appropriate forum is India. He gives a number of reasons as to why there are relevant Indian connections including the fact that the employment contract was subject to the law of India. However the claim is made in tort and, for reasons already given above, the relevant law to be applied is the littoral law, namely that of England and Wales. In the event that Indian law does prove to be relevant it may be proved by expert evidence. Similarly with regard to the issue of the Indian witnesses. Mr. Doherty submits that they will all be Indian. With respect to the factual aspects leading up to the accident itself this may, assuming that the present judgment is set aside, be true but it also seems to me that such issues as there may be will be restricted to the situation in which the vessel was when the anchor began to drag, the advisability of sending the claimant forward, whether it should have been avoided, whether the claimant should have been provided with better equipment and other aligned matters. The reality is that these relate to matters of seamanship upon which the ship's master, who I understand to be Indian, might be expected to give evidence but it seems unlikely that there will be other witnesses who will need to give oral evidence. The Admiralty Court is well used to considering matters of seamanship and it is unlikely that it will be faced with any difficulties dealing with the type of issues which might arise in this case. Insofar as there may be issues arising under Indian law Mr. Weir Q.C. has pointed out that the defendant's own expert on Indian law accepts that the claim as presently pleaded could succeed in Indian law. In those circumstances it is difficult to see why there is any greater convenience in having the matter heard in India rather than in England.[19]Mr. Doherty further submitted that there was no strong connection to England. I disagree. The incident occurred in bad weather conditions off the Welsh coast and the appropriate steps which should have been taken will need to be considered against that background. Furthermore a significant part of the Claimant's medical treatment took place in England. The expert medical evidence which will be necessary is largely available in England and not in India. At present the injuries are not admitted and therefore the medical evidence may be considered to be in dispute. Either the claimant will need to prove his case having instructed new medical experts in India or transport his experts to India. Weighing these matters in the balance I am persuaded that England is the proper forum for the determination of this claim.

Should time for disputing jurisdiction be extended?

[20]The reality is that the Defuldant has raised the issue of jurisdiction in the sense that it has challenged the propriety of permitting the service of the claim form out of the jurisdiction. That has meant that the necessary considerations relating to jurisdiction have, in fact, been considered but decided against the Defendant. In the circumstances further consideration as to whether the Defendant should have been allowed to raise the point when it did would seem pointless. However as a matter of completeness it is to be noted that Mr. Weir Q.C. pointed out that the Defendant should have filed an acknowledgment of service but this had not been done and which, in turn, affected the timing of the application. Mr. Weir Q.C. submitted that, in the circumstances, the Defendant's difficulties were of its own making. In fact I was provided with a copy of a completed form of an acknowledgment of service dated the 22nd February 201 1. I do not know whether that has been filed. However Mr. Weir did not take serious exception to the Defendant being allowed to argue the jurisdiction issue or even the application to set aside judgment. Whether to allow the defendants to do so is a matter of discretion. It seems to me that, although there was proper service, the claim form may not have reached GARD. It is probable that this was caused by defective systems within the Defendant's own organisation. Nonetheless once the Defendant and Gard had become aware that a judgment had been entered the reaction took place within a reasonably short time. Mr. Weir Q.C. also points out that the application should have been to extend time for filing an acknowledgment of service in conjunction with an application under CPR Part l l . Nonetheless I take the view that the Defendant did seek to act promptly within the spirit of CPR Part 13.3(2) and, had it been necessary I would have allowed the Defendant the extra time to take the jurisdiction point as, in fact, occurred. For the purposes of CPR Part 13.3(2), I accept that the application to set aside the default judgment was made timeously. Setting aside the default judgment In any other case the court may set aside or vary a judgment entered under Part 12 if(a) the defendant has a real prospect elsuccessfully defending the claim: or (ii) the defendant should be allou'ed to defend the claim.[22]The principles The Defendant must show a reasonable prospect of successfully defending the claim and it is not enough to simply show an arguable defence. In ED&F Man Liquid Products Ltd v. Patel [2003] EWCA Civ 472 Potter L.J. said: . . . the only significant difference between the provisions of CPR 24.2 and 13.3(1), is that under the former the overall burden rests upon the claimant to establish that there are grounds for his belief that the respondent has no real prospect of success whereas, under the latter, the burden rest upon the defendant to satisfy the court that there is good reason why a judgment regularly obtained should be set aside. That being so, although generally the burden of proof is in practice of only marginal importance in relation to the assessment of evidence, it seems almost inevitable that, in particular cases, a defendant applying under CPR 23.3(1) may encounter a court less receptive to applying the test in his favour than if they were defendant advancing a timely round of resistance to a summary judgment under CPR 24.2". The discretionary power to set aside is unconditional. The purpose of the power is to avoid injustice The defendant is seeking to deprive the claimant of a regular judgment which the claimant has validly obtained in accordance with Pr 12; this is not something which the court will do lightly.[23]The case pleaded in paragraph 7 of the Particulars of Claim alleges that the injury arose by reason of breaches of the duty of care or negligence by the Defendant, his servants or agents. The Particulars pleaded in paragraphs 7.1 to 7.7 largely relate to the safety of the Claimant whilst he was on deck. The Particulars in paragraphs 7.8 to 7.12 are concerned with the how the difficult or dangerous situation arose, namely allowing the vessel to remain at anchor in weather conditions where there was a real prospect of the anchor dragging. Both Mr Weir Q.C.. and Mr. Doughty, the Claimant's solicitor in his witness statement point out that the has not provided a draft Defence. Therefore no positive defence has been put forward. Mr. Weir Q.C. submitted: "There is a ready inference of negligence and no proper response to this".[24]Mr. Doherty submits that there is real prospect of successfully defending the claim. In his skeleton he has submitted:
"The circumstances of the accident show that there were heavy seas and high winds and the ship faced a problem when it started to drag its anchor and a bent locking pin prevented the anchor being raised. The claimant as chief engineer was asked to lend his expertise to the problem of cutting the pin and decided that a grinder was the best method. While he was inspecting the pin, a wave washed over the deck and threw him into a bollard. These facts do not appear to be in dispute."
[25]Mr. Doherty has also submitted that although Mr. Weir Q.C. says that the accident raises an inference of negligence that is disputed. Mr. Doherty then goes on to consider whether the nature of the work to be done on deck raised a potential risk and whether that risk was unreasonable. He says that if the work was to be done was done it is not obvious how harnesses etc. would have prevented the injury and that decisions on these aspects cannot to be made until the evidence has been heard. Mr. Doherty submitted that "The Defendant will say that the activity was not a high risk one and that no risks were run which were not reasonably necessary and proportionate to the importance of the ends to be achieved. This defence is far from fanciful."[26]Although Mr. Doherty sought to persuade the court that there is a defence with respect to the risks of the claimant going on deck, in my judgment, he failed to persuade me that this is an appropriate case for the default judgment to be set aside. There are two reasons for coming to this conclusion. Firstly for the Defendant to say that such case as he has raised is 'far from fanciful' is akin to saying that he has an 'arguable defence'. That is insufficient to satisfy the test of whether 'the defendant has a real prospect of successfully defending the claim'.

The learned Judge's approach was not overturned in the Court of Appeal, see [1991] 2

[27]Mr Weir Q.C has submitted that the accident raises an inference of negligence and, in my view, he is correct. The Defendant has admitted that the situation was one where the vessel began to drag. There is a long line of authority which holds that this places the burden of explaining how that came about without negligence on the owners of the dragging vessel. In The Owners the Bowditch v Owners d the Po (The PO) [1991] 1.L.Pr. 245 Mr.

Justice Sheen at first instance said (at paragraph 24):

"It appears to be common ground that the collision was brought about by PO dragging her anchor. This calls for some explanation. The defendants will have to satisfy the Court that the collision occurred despite the exercise of reasonable care"
. The learned Judge's approach was not overturned in the Court of Appeal, see [1991] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 206; [1995] l.L.Pr. 52[28]"We think that the collision was caused by the dragging of the anchor of the Princeton, to prevent which proper measures were not taken. I therefore pronounce the Princeton alone to blame".[29]Further in The Pori Victoria.[1902] P. 25 The President (Sir F. H. Jeune) said:
"It seems to me clear that if a vessel by negligence drags down towards another, and if it is a natural consequence that the other vessel is obliged to take a step which involves her in some expenditure, that is damage for which the first vessel is liable. Applying those principles to this case, the first question is, was the Port Victoria negligent? Now, certainly, the Norman was not negligent in taking up the position she did, because she appears to have given the other vessel a berth of three-quarters of a mile, and the Elder Brethren tell me that was a proper allowance to make, and that no fault is to be alleged against the Norman on account of the position she took up. Then the Port Victoria undoubtedly dragged down towards her. As regards negligence, I should have thought it was almost a case of res ipsa loquitur."
[30]In The Velox [1955] I Lloyd's Rep. 376 two vessels had sheltered in a loch and during a storm of exceptional severity the defendants' vessel had dragged her anchors and collided with the plaintiffs' vessel. Willmer J. held that in the exceptional weather good seamanship required exceptional precautions, which the defendants' vessel had failed to take.[32]In my judgment it is for the Defendant to provide a rational explanation of how the dangerous situation arose without negligence on the part of the Defendant's servants. Lacking any such explanation the Defendant has totally failed to establish that it has any, let alone a reasonable, prospect of successfully defending the claim.[33]Conclusion. The present judgment against the Defendant will not be set aside.

Cited in 1 later judgment