Secretary of State for the Home Department v Collins Cuthbert Lewis [2026] EWCA Civ 879

[2026] EWCA Civ 879Case No CA-2025-001875
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM THE UPPER TRIBUNAL (IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM CHAMBER)
UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE HOFFMAN AND DEPUTY UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE ZUCKER
UI-2025-000302
Venue Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, WC2A 2LLDate 8 July 2026LORD JUSTICE MOYLANLORD JUSTICE STUART-SMITHLORD JUSTICE LEWIS
THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENTAppellantCOLLINS CUTHBERT LEWISRespondent
Zane Malik KC and Paul Skinner (instructed by the Government Legal Department) for AppellantDavid Chirico KC and Ahmed Osman (instructed by Turpin Miller LLP) for RespondentHearing Hearing date: 18 June 2026
Approved JudgmentThis judgment was handed down remotely at 10.30am on 8 July 2026 by circulation to the parties or their representatives by e-mail and by release to the National Archives..............................
[1]This appeal concerns the question of whether the deportation of a foreign criminal is incompatible with Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”). The First-tier Tribunal found that it would be incompatible with Article 8 for the Secretary of State to deport Mr Lewis to Dominica. The Upper Tribunal dismissed an appeal against that decision. The Secretary of State appeals against the Upper Tribunal’s decision. The appeal raises again the question of how tribunals are to approach questions concerning the deportation of foreign criminals and, in particular, the nature of the task that they are undertaking and the decision-making structure that they should follow.[2]The respondent, Mr Collins Lewis, is a national of Dominica. He came to this country at the age of 14 in 2007. He has a long record of criminal convictions. For present purposes, the most significant are the following. On 26 September 2019, Mr Lewis was convicted of two offences of possessing class A drugs, namely crack cocaine and heroin, with intent to supply, and two other offences of possession of a class A drug (again cocaine) and a class B drug (cannabis). He was sentenced to a total of 3 years and 9 months’ imprisonment. In October 2019, he was served with notice that the Secretary of State was minded to deport him.[3]On 1 July 2024, following his release from prison, Mr Lewis was convicted of two further offences of being concerned in the supply of class A drugs, namely cocaine and heroin, and possession of a class B drug, namely cannabis. On this occasion he was sentenced to 5 years and 4 months’ imprisonment.[4]Mr Lewis has a child born in 2018. He has not seen or had contact with the child since 2019. Mr Lewis was stabbed in 2015 and has a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and has been prescribed anti-depressant medication. He made a human rights claim to the Secretary of State, that is a claim that his deportation to Dominica would be a breach of Article 8 of the Convention. The Secretary of State dismissed that claim.[5]The First-tier Tribunal allowed an appeal against that decision. It considered that the sole issue was whether there were very compelling circumstances which outweighed the public interest in Mr Lewis’ deportation. It found that there were such circumstances. These were said to include the fact that Mr Lewis wished to obtain contact with his son, his mental health and the lack of support for Mr Lewis in Dominica.[6]The Secretary of State appealed to the Upper Tribunal which dismissed the appeal. It said that the decision of the First-tier Tribunal that there were very compelling circumstances which outweighed the public interest in the deportation of Mr Lewis was a finding of fact, not law, which it was open to the First-tier Tribunal to reach.[7]There are two grounds of appeal, namely:(1) the First-tier Tribunal erred in its approach to section 117C(6) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (“the 2002 Act”) and, in any event, arrived at a perverse and inadequately reasoned conclusion; and(2) the Upper Tribunal itself erred (i) in relation to the scope of and proper approach to section 117C(6) of the 2002 Act, (ii) as to the approach to be taken in determining whether any error is material, and (iii) as to the circumstances in which it is unnecessary to consider a ground of appeal. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK The statutory provisions governing deportation

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK

[8]Section 3(5) of the Immigration Act 1971 (“the 1971 Act”) provides that a person who is not a British citizen is liable to deportation from the United Kingdom if the Secretary of State deems his deportation to be conducive to the public good. Section 32(4) of the UK Borders Act 2007 (“the 2007 Act”) provides that “the deportation of a foreign criminal is conducive to the public good”. A foreign criminal is defined, so far as material to this appeal, as a person who is not a British citizen who is convicted of an offence and sentenced to a period of at least 12 months’ imprisonment (see section 32 of the 2007 Act and section 117D(2) of the 2002 Act).[9]Section 32(5) of the 2007 Act imposes a duty on the Secretary of State to make a deportation order unless one of a number of stated exceptions apply. The relevant exception in the present case is where deportation would breach a person’s Convention rights. Those are the rights defined in section 1 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (“the 1998 Act”) and set out in Schedule 1 to that Act. Those rights include, amongst others, Article 8 of the Convention which provides that: “1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others."

Appeals to the First-Tier Tribunal

[10]An individual may claim that deportation would be incompatible with his Convention rights. The Secretary of State will need to determine that human rights claim and, in doing so, section 6 of the 1998 Act provides that it would be unlawful for the Secretary of State to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right.[11]Section 82(1)(b) of the 2002 Act provides, amongst other things, that a person may appeal to the First-tier Tribunal where the “Secretary of State has decided to refuse a human rights claim”. Section 84(2) of the 2002 Act sets out the grounds of appeal and provides that an appeal against a refusal of a human rights claim must be brought on the ground that the decision is unlawful under section 6 of the 1998 Act, that is the Secretary of State’s decision is incompatible with the person’s Convention rights.[12]Part 5A of the 2002 Act applies where a court or tribunal is required to determine whether a decision made under the Immigration Acts breaches a person's right to respect for private and family life, and as a result, would be unlawful under section 6 of the 1998 Act. Section 117A of the 2002 Act provides as follows: “117A Application of this Part(1) This Part applies where a court or tribunal is required to determine whether a decision made under the Immigration Acts— (a) breaches a person's right to respect for private and family life under Article 8, and (b) as a result would be unlawful under section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998.(2) In considering the public interest question, the court or tribunal must (in particular) have regard— (a) in all cases, to the considerations listed in section 117B, and (b) in cases concerning the deportation of foreign criminals, to the considerations listed in section 117C.(3) In subsection (2), “the public interest question” means the question of whether an interference with a person's right to respect for private and family life is justified under Article 8(2).” (a) in all cases, to the considerations listed in section 117B, and (b) in cases concerning the deportation of foreign criminals, to the considerations listed in section 117C.[13]Section 117B of the 2002 Act sets out a series of considerations which are relevant to the assessment of the public interest in all cases where a court or tribunal is considering whether an interference with a person’s right to respect for private or family life is justified under Article 8(2). These include the fact that the maintenance of effective immigration controls, and that a person is able to speak English and is financially independent, is in the public interest. Section 117B(4) and (5) provides that little weight should be accorded to a private life or a relationship entered into when the person was in the United Kingdom unlawfully or when his immigration status was precarious.[14]Section 117C of the 2002 Act sets out a series of additional consideration which must be taken into account in cases involving foreign criminals. Section 117C, in effect, sets out a statutory framework governing the assessment of whether deportation would be a justifiable interference with the right to respect for a person’s private and family life. It provides as follows: “117C Article 8: additional considerations in cases involving foreign criminals(1) The deportation of foreign criminals is in the public interest.(2) The more serious the offence committed by a foreign criminal, the greater is the public interest in deportation of the criminal.(3) In the case of a foreign criminal (“C”) who has not been sentenced to a period of imprisonment of four years or more, the public interest requires C's deportation unless Exception 1 or Exception 2 applies.(4) Exception 1 applies where— (a) C has been lawfully resident in the United Kingdom for most of C's life, (b) C is socially and culturally integrated in the United Kingdom, and (c) there would be very significant obstacles to C's integration into the country to which C is proposed to be deported.(5) Exception 2 applies where C has a genuine and subsisting relationship with a qualifying partner, or a genuine and subsisting parental relationship with a qualifying child, and the effect of C's deportation on the partner or child would be unduly harsh.(6) In the case of a foreign criminal who has been sentenced to a period of imprisonment of at least four years, the public interest requires deportation unless there are very compelling circumstances, over and above those described in Exceptions 1 and 2.(7) The considerations in subsections (1) to (6) are to be taken into account where a court or tribunal is considering a decision to deport a foreign criminal only to the extent that the reason for the decision was the offence or offences for which the criminal has been convicted.” (a) C has been lawfully resident in the United Kingdom for most of C's life, (b) C is socially and culturally integrated in the United Kingdom, and (c) there would be very significant obstacles to C's integration into the country to which C is proposed to be deported.[15]Exceptions 1 and 2 apply to, (among others) foreign criminals sentenced to between 1 and 4 years’ imprisonment. They are generally referred to as medium offenders. Exception 1 concerns the impact of deportation on the foreign criminal’s right to respect for private life. It sets out which foreign criminals may claim the benefit of the exception and when the public interest will not require the deportation of such foreign criminals. A foreign criminal may benefit from the exception if he has been in the United Kingdom lawfully for most of his life, and is socially and cultural integrated here (if not he cannot benefit from the exception). The third requirement concerns the ability of the medium offender foreign criminal to re-integrate into his country of origin. If a foreign criminal has been lawfully here for most of his life, and is socially and culturally integrated, but would face “very significant obstacles” to re-integration, then deportation is not in the public interest.[16]Exception 2 concerns the right to respect for family life. It focusses on the impact of deportation on a foreign criminal’s partner and children. They must be a qualifying child or partner (which is concerned with their status, or length of time, in the United Kingdom). If so, and if there is a genuine and subsisting relationship with the partner or child and it would be unduly harsh on the partner or child to deport the foreign criminal, then the public interest will not justify the deportation of a medium offender.[17]In NA (Pakistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2017] 1 WLR 707, the Court of Appeal also held that a medium offender may also be able to rely on the provisions of section 117C(6). The public interest will not require deportation if a foreign criminal who is a medium offender can demonstrate that there are very compelling circumstances over and above those described in exceptions 1 and 2: see paragraphs 24 to 27 of the decision in NA (Pakistan). The way in which that subsection operates in relation to medium offenders is discussed at paragraph 32 to 36 of the judgment in NA (Pakistan).[18]A foreign criminal sentenced to imprisonment for 4 years or more (generally referred to as a serious offender) cannot benefit from exceptions 1 and 2. If a serious offender relies on the kind of circumstances described in exceptions 1 and 2 (that is the impact on the foreign criminal, and the impact on his partner or child, respectively), the public interest will still require deportation of the serious offender even if he would have met the requirements of the exception had it applied. The public interest would still require deportation, for example, even if the serious offender has a genuine and subsisting relationship with a qualifying partner or child, and it would be unduly harsh on the partner or child to deport the foreign criminal (subject to the operation of section 117C(6) of the 2002 Act). In such cases, the public interest will require deportation of the serious offender unless there are “very compelling circumstances, over and above those described in Exceptions 1 and 2”. Such circumstances may outweigh the public interest in deportation (so that deportation would not be a justified interference with the right to respect for private or family life within the meaning of Article 8(2) of the Convention): see section 117C(6) of the 2002 Act.[19]The operation of section 117C(6) was helpfully described in NA (Pakistan). The Court of Appeal said:
“37. In relation to a serious offender, it will often be sensible first to see whether his case involves circumstances of the kind described in Exceptions 1 and 2, both because the circumstances so described set out particularly significant factors bearing upon respect for private life (Exception 1) and respect for family life (Exception 2) and because that may provide a helpful basis on which an assessment can be made whether there are “very compelling circumstances, over and above those described in Exceptions 1 and 2” as is required under section 117C(6) . It will then be necessary to look to see whether any of the factors falling within Exceptions 1 and 2 are of such force, whether by themselves or taken in conjunction with any other relevant factors not covered by the circumstances described in Exceptions 1 and 2, as to satisfy the test in section 117C(6).”
[20]That issue was considered again by the Court of Appeal in Kapikanya v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2025] EWCA Civ 987. The Court emphasised that the First-tier Tribunal could not bypass the requirements in the exceptions and go straight to the question of very compelling circumstances, as that would “undermine the Parliamentary intent and deprive the phrase “over and above those described in Exceptions 1 and 2 of much if not all of its meaning” (see per Bean LJ at paragraph 42 with whom Peter Jackson LJ and Baker LJ agreed). The Court in Kapikanya recognised that there may be cases where the circumstances are unconnected with the matters dealt with in exceptions 1 and 2 and, if they are very compelling circumstances, the public interest will not require deportation. An example given was of a couple with a teenage daughter with Down’s syndrome and the father is sentenced to a lengthy period of imprisonment. By the time of his release, the mother may have died; the daughter may no longer be a child and the foreign national criminal may be the only person capable of caring for her. Exception 2 would not apply as the daughter would not be a child but it might be that the circumstances would be seen as very compelling and so the public interest may not apply: see paragraph 27 of the judgment.[21]One question raised in argument was whether the First-tier Tribunal was required as a matter of law to consider expressly whether a serious offender could or would fall within exception 1 or 2 (if they had applied) and then to identify the factors over and above that which amounted to very compelling circumstances. The answer is that a First-tier Tribunal is not required to do that as a matter of law: see Yalcin v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2024] 1 WLR 1626, at paragraph 59 to 65.[22]In general, however, it is often sensible first to see whether a case involves circumstances of the kind described in exceptions 1 or 2, and then assess “whether any of the factors falling within Exception 1 or 2 are of such force, whether by themselves or taken in conjunction with any other relevant factor not covered by the circumstances described in Exceptions 1 or 2, as to satisfy the test in section 117C(6)”: see paragraph 37 of NA (Pakistan). That will promote transparency and reduce the risk of error in applying the statutory framework. Whilst recognising that that was not a legal requirement, Underhill LJ encouraged such an approach: see paragraph 65 of his judgment in Yalcin. If a First-tier Tribunal does not, however, structure its reasoning in that way, it will need to ensure that it is possible to see that it has identified the relevant facts and has properly applied the statutory framework from the way in which it has expressed its decision.[23]Finally, it is right to remember that the factors identified in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights have an important role to play. The factors may be relevant to things dealt with in the exceptions, such as whether deportation would be unduly harsh for a child, or in emphasising the great weight to be given to the public interest in deporting foreign criminals when considering whether there are very compelling circumstances: see paragraphs 37 and 38 of NA (Pakistan); and paragraph 51 of HA (Iraq) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2022] 1 WLR 3784. Many of those factors (but not all) will be part of the consideration of whether deportation would be unduly harsh or whether there would be very significant obstacles to the reintegration of the foreign criminal in his country of origin. The legislature has determined the way in which certain factors are to be assessed, or the weight to be given to them, in the context of whether deportation of a foreign criminal is justified within the meaning of Article 8(2). That is permissible, as recognised by Lord Reed in the Supreme Court in Hesham Ali v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2016] 1 WLR 4799 at paragraph 15 of his judgment, and by Lord Hamblen in HA (Iraq) at paragraph 52. THE FACTS The background

THE FACTS

[24]Mr Lewis is a national of Dominica born on 28 August 1993. He came to the United Kingdom at the age of 14, in 2007, on a visitor’s visa which was valid until 29 March 2008. He applied for that leave to be extended on various occasions and it was ultimately extended until 16 October 2015. He has remained in the United Kingdom without leave to do so, and therefore unlawfully, since that time.[25]In 2015, Mr Lewis was the victim of a robbery when he was stabbed. He said in his witness statement for the tribunal proceedings that he was in a car, people jumped in and tried to rob him and others in the car at knifepoint, and he was stabbed. He said in his witness statement for the First-tier Tribunal proceedings that he suffered depression and anxiety as a result.[26]Mr Lewis was convicted of a number of offences between 27 April 2016 and 26 September 2019. These included two offences of possessing a class B drug, cannabis, with intent to supply, for which he was sentenced to 14 months’ imprisonment in each case but the sentences were suspended for 18 months.[27]On 23 September 2018, Mr Lewis’ son was born. Mr Lewis has separated from his former partner. He has not seen his son, and has had no contact with him, since about October 2019.

The criminal convictions leading to deportation

[28]On 26 September 2019, Mr Lewis was convicted of two offences of possessing class A drugs, namely crack cocaine and heroin, with intent to supply, and two other offences of possession of a class A drug (again cocaine) and a class B drug (cannabis). He was sentenced to a total of 3 years and 9 months’ imprisonment.[29]In October 2019, Mr Lewis was served with notice that the Secretary of State was minded to deport him. He made representations which the Secretary of State considered as a human rights claim. The Secretary of State refused the claim by a decision dated 8 July 2021. The decision letter noted Mr Lewis’ convictions and his educational qualifications. It dealt with his son and concluded that he did not have a genuine and subsisting relationship with his son, and had had no contact with him, since his imprisonment in 2019. He had not had any degree of meaningful contact with his child and had not been involved in his day to day life. The decision letter dealt with Mr Lewis’ private life in the United Kingdom. It then dealt with his offending. It noted that there would not be very significant obstacles to his reintegration into Dominica as he had lived there until he was 14 and spoke the official language (English). It was thought likely that he had maintained contact with family there, but even if there were no family assistance available, he could be expected to live independently using the skills, training and education he had obtained in the United Kingdom. Consequently, it was considered that none of the exceptions in section 117C(5) applied. The decision letter recorded that consideration had been given to whether there were very compelling circumstances such Mr Lewis should not be deported. It concluded that there were no such circumstances. There was a significant public interest in deportation given the conviction for offences for which he had been sentenced to 3 years and 9 months’ imprisonment. Mr Lewis had lived in the United Kingdom unlawfully since 16 October 2015 and had not regularised his stay. His private life had been partially formed when his immigration status was precarious. There was no evidence to demonstrate that he had a very strong claim under Article 8. The decision letter also considered whether removal from the United Kingdom would be incompatible with Article 3 of the Convention. It noted that the heath records from the prison confirmed that Mr Lewis suffered from(1) hay fever and(2) low mood and that he had been prescribed (a) antihistamines and (b) fluoxetine (an anti-depressant drug). It concluded that there would be no breach of Article 3 if Mr Lewis were deported to Dominica. The Secretary of State therefore refused his human rights claim.[30]Mr Lewis was made the subject of a deportation order. He could not appeal against that order but he could, and did, appeal against the Secretary of State’s decision refusing his human rights claim. That appeal was lodged on 22 July 2021.

The further offences

[31]On 1 July 2024, Mr Lewis was convicted and sentenced to a total of 5 years and 4 months’ imprisonment for two offences of being concerned in the supply of class A drugs, namely cocaine and heroin, and possession of a class B drug, namely cannabis.[32]The Secretary of State issued a supplementary letter dated 2 September 2024. It noted Mr Lewis’ most recent offending, the fact that he was single and that there was no evidence of a genuine subsisting relationship with his child. It concluded, having reviewed Mr Lewis’ case, that deportation remained proportionate and in the public interest.

The decision of the First-tier Tribunal

[33]The First-tier Tribunal allowed Mr Lewis’ appeal against the refusal of his human rights claim. Its reasoning should be read fairly and as a whole. It began by setting out the immigration history and the reasons for the refusal of the human rights claim. It recorded the documentary and oral evidence that it had heard. It identified that the parties had agreed that the sole issue for determination was: “whether there are very compelling circumstances that outweigh the public interest in the appellant’s deportation”.[34]The First-tier Tribunal then summarised the evidence and the submissions of the parties. It referred to section 117A and set out sections 117B and 117C of the 2002 Act in its reasons. It noted certain of the authorities dealing with the statutory scheme. At paragraph 71 of its reasons, it noted that it had to undertake a balancing approach and determine whether there were very compelling circumstances that rendered deportation disproportionate. It reminded itself that the burden was on Mr Lewis, of the need for there to be very compelling circumstances, and of the strong public interest in foreign criminals being deported.[35]The First-tier Tribunal reasoning then included a long section dealing with very compelling circumstances. It is not always easy to follow the reasoning. It does not always identify clearly the findings of fact, or to separate them from the description of the evidence heard. It is not always easy to relate any findings to the statutory framework.[36]It first noted that Mr Lewis had been in the United Kingdom for most of his life. It referred to an earlier decision by the First-tier Tribunal in September 2012 where the tribunal expressed the view that Mr Lewis might have been eligible for indefinite, not limited, leave. Pausing there, it is right to note, however that Mr Lewis has, in fact, only ever been granted limited leave to remain and that expired on 16 October 2015. He did not seek to regularise the position after that date and he was unlawfully in the United Kingdom after that date.[37]In terms of the material findings of fact, the First-tier Tribunal appears to have found the following. First, Mr Lewis had not seen his son since 2019 and did not have a subsisting relationship with his son (see paragraph 84) but had a genuine wish to have contact with him (paragraph 77). The First-tier Tribunal said that this was “an important factor in the case”.[38]Secondly, there is reference to Mr Lewis having a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. That appears to be something that originated following the occasion when Mr Lewis was stabbed in 2015 (see paragraph 82 of the reasoning). The First-tier Tribunal noted that Mr Lewis “has had treatment for the same” and that he “is also medicated” (paragraph 93). There is no further explanation of what the treatment was, or when he received it. There appears to be no finding of what the medication is but it may be a reference to anti-depressant medication.[39]Against that background, there is a reference in the assessment of very compelling circumstances to the needs of the appellant as identified in a report by Dr Al-Juffali. There is a reference to paragraphs in the report which records that Mr Lewis had “expressed” marked anxiety about being deported and about a potential severe deterioration in his mental health. There is a reference to ongoing mental health problems but these are not identified in the reasoning of the First-tier Tribunal. There is a reference to a report by a Dr Heron who was seen as expert on conditions in Dominica. The report says, in general terms, that “Dominica’s mental healthcare system would not be equipped to stop the serious, rapid and irreversible decline in the state of health of a deportee with a pre-existing mental health condition”. That appears to be a general comment on healthcare facilities in Dominica not an assessment of Mr Lewis (and Dr Heron was not, of course, purporting to provide a clinical opinion on Mr Lewis’ mental health condition). There is also a reference to two particular types of therapy being “advised” for Mr Lewis not being available in Dominica.[40]The First-tier Tribunal does, however, make it clear that Mr Lewis was not advancing any claim that his health condition was such that deportation to Dominica would be incompatible with Article 3 of the Convention (see paragraph 86 of the reasoning).[41]Thirdly, there are a series of references to the difficulties that Mr Lewis may face if he returned to Dominica. There is a reference to the fact that he would have no support in Dominica (as his grandmother who lives there suffers from dementia). There is a reference to statistical evidence about Dominica concerning those living below the poverty line, unemployment, homelessness, and lack of mental health facilities. There are occasions when the reference to these factors appears to be related to addressing any mental health needs that Mr Lewis may have.[42]The essential conclusion of the First-tier Tribunal appears at paragraphs 96 to 98 of its reasoning where it says this:
“96. For the cumulative reasons above (to include the appellant’s son, appellant’s lack of support, appellant’s mental health), and when looking at matters in the round, I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities that there are very compelling circumstances. Those factors, I find, are over and above any test of unduly harsh and/or indeed very significant obstacles. 97. I also have regard to the strong public interest in the deportation of foreign criminals. In the case of the appellant, he commits further serious criminal offences in the face of deportation proceedings. However, when balancing the strong public interest against the factors above. I find that the very compelling circumstances do outweigh the factors above. I find that the very compelling circumstances do outweigh the public interest and makes the deportation of the appellant disproportionate. I go so far as to say this is not a case which is “finely balanced” like many cases are. I find that the factors as found above are such that they do tip the balance firmly in favour of the appellant despite his serious criminal offending history. 98. For all those reasons I allow the appeal.”

The decision of the Upper Tribunal

[43]The Secretary of State appealed to the Upper Tribunal against the decision of the First-tier Tribunal. At paragraph 11 of its decision, it set out the grounds of appeal in that the First-tier Tribunal failed to give adequate reasons for its decision and identified six respects in which it was said to have erred, namely, in summary, that the First-tier Tribunal gave:(1) too much weight to the relationship between Mr Lewis and his son with no finding concerning the nature of the relationship;(2) too much weight to Mr Lewis’ ill-health;(3) insufficient weight to Mr Lewis’ risk of re-offending;(4) inadequate reasons for finding that Mr Lewis’ claim of lack of support in Dominica met the “very compelling circumstances” test;(5) too much weight to the nature of the medical treatment which would be available to Mr Lewis in Dominica; and(6) an inadequate analysis of the evidence and the requirements of section 117B of the 2002 Act.[44]At paragraph 17, the Upper Tribunal noted, as it put it, that the issue concerned whether there were very compelling circumstances, but also noted that the provisions of section 117A-D of the 2002 had to be considered. It said that “the provisions of section 117B were to be read so as to favour Mr Lewis”.[45]The Upper Tribunal considered that it was not necessary to deal with each of the complaints made by the Secretary of State about the First-tier Tribunal’s decision. It considered that the reasons of the First-tier Tribunal were clear, namely that Mr Lewis intended to have contact with his son, his post-traumatic stress disorder, and the lack of treatment and the absence of family support in Dominica rendered it disproportionate to deport him. It said that, even if it discounted the evidence of the intended relationship between Mr Lewis and his son, there was still a sufficient basis for the First-tier Tribunal to find as it did.[46]At paragraph 24, it concluded as follows: “24. Though we find ourselves bound by the sole issue agreed to be resolved and by our finding that the decision whether there were very compelling circumstances that outweighed the public interest in Mr Lewis’ deportation was a finding of fact, rather than law, open to Judge Baffa, we do not think that the decision the Judge reached was necessarily one that would have been reached by all judges. We would be surprised, if, in the future, Mr Lewis were to reoffend, another Tribunal would come to the view that the offending tipped the balance the other way. “[47]The Upper Tribunal therefore dismissed the Secretary of State’s appeal, GROUND 1 – THE APPROACH TO SECTION 117C(6) OF THE 2002 ACT Submissions

GROUND 1 – THE APPROACH TO SECTION 117C(6) OF THE 2002 ACT

[48]Mr Skinner with Mr Malik KC, on behalf of the Secretary of State, advanced as the first ground of appeal, that the First-tier Tribunal had erred in its approach to section 117C(6) and, in any event, arrived at a perverse and inadequately reasoned conclusion. In his written and oral submissions, Mr Skinner focussed on the conclusions of the First-tier Tribunal relating to the intended relationship between Mr Lewis and his son. He submitted that the First-tier Tribunal failed to consider the prospect of Mr Lewis establishing a relationship with his son if he was not deported, given that he had not seen his son for the last 6 of the 7 years of his son’s life and the mother’s unwillingness to allow him to see his son. He submitted that it was perverse to conclude that a potential relationship with a son Mr Lewis had not seen for 6 years was a very compelling circumstance that could outweigh the very weighty public interest in his deportation. Mr Skinner further submitted that the First-tier Tribunal had failed to consider relevant factors, as required by section 117B, notably, the fact that Mr Lewis was not financially independent, and the fact that his private life in the United Kingdom had been developed at times when his immigration status was precarious (as he only had limited leave to remain) or, since October 2015, when he was in the United Kingdom unlawfully.[49]Mr Chirico KC, with Mr Osman, for Mr Lewis, submitted that the potential of a future relationship between Mr Lewis and his son was something that the First-tier Tribunal was entitled to take into account when deciding if there were very compelling circumstances which outweighed the public interest in deportation. In terms of section 117B, Mr Chirico accepted that the First-tier Tribunal had not referred to the fact that Mr Lewis is not financially independent. In terms of the weight to be attached to Mr Lewis’ private life, Mr Chirico drew attention to the fact that the First-tier Tribunal referred to an earlier decision which indicated that Mr Lewis ought to have been granted indefinite leave to remain. Discussion Preliminary observations[50]This appeal involves an appeal against a refusal of a human rights claim by Mr Lewis. He contends that the decision to deport him is an interference with his right to respect for family and private life guaranteed by Article 8(1) of the Convention. The appropriate starting point is the statutory framework setting out the considerations to be taken into account when deciding whether deportation was justified under Article 8(2) of the Convention. In particular, it is appropriate to focus first on the provisions of section 117C which set out additional considerations to which the First-tier Tribunal had to have regard when deciding whether deportation was a proportionate interference with the rights under Article 8. The considerations listed in section 117B are also matters that the First-tier Tribunal had to have regard to.[51]Section 117C(1) and (2) provides that “the deportation of foreign criminals is in the public interest” and that the more serious the offence committed by a foreign criminal, the greater is the public interest in the deportation of the criminal. Mr Lewis is a foreign criminal. He is a non-British citizen sentenced to a period of 1 or more years’ imprisonment – in fact, he was sentenced to 5 years’ and 4 months’ imprisonment (having previously been sentenced to 3 years and 9 months for other offences).[52]As he is a serious offender, exception 1 and 2 do not, strictly, apply to him. In his case, “the public interest requires deportation unless there are very compelling circumstances over and above those described in Exceptions 1 and 2”: see section 117C(6) of the 2002. The test is whether the foreign criminal, here Mr Lewis, “has satisfied the statutory test in section 117C(6)” not simply “whether deportation of the foreign offender would be disproportionate in a general sense”: see per Bean LJ in Kapikanya at paragraph 41, with whom Peter Jackson LJ and Baker LJ agreed. That reflects the approach of Underhill LJ in Yalcin at paragraph 29 of his judgment where he said that the assessment would require the rights under Article 8 of the potential deportee and his family to be weighed against the public interest in his deportation and that in “conducting that assessment the decision-maker is required by section 117C(6)… to proceed on the basis that the public interest required deportation unless there are very compelling circumstances over and above those described in Exceptions 1 and 2” (an observation cited with approval by Lord Hamblen at paragraph 47 of his judgment in HA (Iraq)). The relationship between Mr Lewis and his son.[53]The First-tier Tribunal, partly it must be said as the result of the parties’ approach, described the sole issue for determination as whether there were very compelling circumstances that outweigh the public interest in the appellant’s deportation. That is not quite accurate. The question on this aspect of the appeal was whether there were “very compelling circumstances over and above those in Exceptions 1 and 2”. More generally, the way the issue was phrased, and the way in which the judgment is structured as a whole, indicates that the First-tier Tribunal did not approach the assessment in a way consistent with the statutory provisions.[54]I deal first with the question of the relationship between Mr Lewis and his son. The son was born in September 2018. Mr Lewis has not seen his son, and has not had any contact with him, since about September or October 2019. The First-tier Tribunal referred to the bond that had existed between Mr Lewis and his son in the first year of his life. It noted that Mr Lewis had a genuine wish to have contact with his son. It regarded that as an important factor (see paragraph 77 of its reasoning).[55]The impact of deportation on a child of a foreign criminal is dealt with in exception 2. That requires there to be a genuine and subsisting relationship between the foreign criminal and the child and the effect of deportation of the foreign criminal would be unduly harsh on the child (I assume Mr Lewis’ son is a qualifying child for present purposes). Mr Lewis would need to show very compelling circumstances over and above those described in exception 2 for the public interest not to require deportation. In the present case, Mr Lewis does not have a genuine and subsisting relationship with his son. Indeed, he has had no relationship with his son for over 6 years, since the son was 1 year old. Given the lack of any relationship and the fact that Mr Lewis has played no part in his son’s life for the last 6 or so years, there could be no rational basis on the facts of this case for saying that the deportation of Mr Lewis would have an unduly harsh effect on his son. This is not a case, therefore, where Mr Lewis can rely on the kind of circumstances described in exception 2 as they do not arise on the facts. Furthermore, a genuine wish to establish a relationship in future is not something over and above (i.e. something more than) the circumstances described in exception 2 which are directed to the potential impact on a partner or a child and not on the applicant. A wish to establish a relationship in future is not something more; it is something less than the kind of circumstances set out in exception 2. Deportation of a foreign criminal who is a serious offender in such circumstances would, therefore, be in the public interest notwithstanding a genuine wish to establish a relationship in the future. It could not be said that the application of the legislative framework in that regard involves any violation of Article 8 of the Convention. The context is of a foreign criminal who has committed serious offences (indeed, in Mr Lewis’ case, one who has continued to commit ever more serious offences after he had been notified of the intention to deport him). Deportation of such a foreign criminal, who has no relationship with a child but simply wishes to establish contact in the future, would not be incompatible with Article 8 of the Convention.[56]For those reasons, the First-tier Tribunal did err. It failed, properly, to assess the question of whether a wish to establish contact with a child in future amounted to very compelling circumstances over and above those in exception 2. There was no basis on the facts of this case to consider that a genuine wish to establish such a relationship was a relevant factor in that regard.[57]I note that the genuine wish to re-establish contact with his son is described by the First-tier Tribunal in one paragraph of its reasoning as “a protective factor” for Mr Lewis. That appears to be concerned with the impact of deportation on Mr Lewis, rather than on his son (and so, conceivably, depending on the facts, could be something separate from the kind of circumstances referred to in exception 2). There is, however, no further explanation in the First-tier Tribunal’s reasoning of what this “protective factor” is. There is a reference to a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and to Mr Lewis having had therapy and being on medication. There is no explanation or consideration, however, of what the wish to re-establish contact with his son will protect Mr Lewis from. Nor is there any assessment of the likelihood of contact being established, or being necessary as a protective factor, given that Mr Lewis had not had contact with his son for over 5 years at the time of the hearing, the mother was opposed to contact, and Mr Lewis had not made any application (and still has not) to the family court for any form of contact. Nor is there any proper analysis of whether this would amount to very compelling circumstances, over and above those in exceptions 1 and 2, such that the public interest would not require deportation.[58]This is part of a broader picture concerning the adequacy of the assessment of the evidence relating to mental health and whether it amounts to very compelling circumstances over and above the description in exceptions 1 and 2 such that the public interest does not require the deportation of a serious offender. Mr Lewis was not advancing any claim that deportation would violate his rights under Article 3 of the Convention because of his mental health issues (see paragraph 86 of the First-tier Tribunal’s reasoning). Generally, issues relating to deportation and mental health arise in the context of Article 3 but the possibility of it being relevant to Article 8 has not been ruled out. As the matter will have to be remitted, it is not appropriate to express any view or conclusion on this issue. Suffice it to say, that a tribunal considering the appeal against the refusal of the human rights claim will first need to find the facts in terms of what is Mr Lewis’ mental condition, and secondly how that is relevant to the issue of whether there are very compelling circumstances, over and above those in exception 1 or 2, and what weight might properly be given to it, such that the public interest in deportation is outweighed. It may be relevant, however, to draw attention to the decision in relation to KJ in the NA (Pakistan) case. There, KJ had been diagnosed as suffering from depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder and to be at risk of suicide if returned to Angola (see paragraphs 69 and 76 of the decision in NA (Pakistan). I draw attention, lest it assist, to the following paragraphs of the decision of the Court of Appeal: “79. However, Mr Tam [counsel for the Secretary of State] submits that the tribunal erred in the weight it placed upon the medical evidence in KJ's case. The tribunal ought to have considered KJ's case based on article 3 first, against the very high threshold required to be satisfied for such a claim to be made out, and should have found that KJ's case clearly did not meet that test: see GS (India) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] 1 WLR 3312 for a detailed recent discussion of the relevant authorities. The tribunal ought then to have addressed the question whether the lesser standard of medical treatment which might be available in Angola impacted in any relevant way on his family life or private life interests in the UK, bearing in mind that a similar rigorous standard of relevance of difference in medical treatment is applicable in the context of a claim under article 8 as it is in the context of a claim under article 3 , since both articles reflect in that respect an underlying principle: “that the [Convention] does not impose any obligation on the contracting states to provide those liable to deportation with medical treatment lacking in their ‘home countries'. This principle applies even where the consequence will be that the deportee's life will be significantly shortened …” (MM (Zimbabwe) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] EWCA Civ 279 at [17]–[18] per Moses LJ; see also GS (India) v Secretary of State for the Home Department, paras 85–87 per Laws LJ and para 111 per Underhill LJ). 80. In our judgment, this criticism of the Upper Tribunal judgment is made out. The tribunal erred in law by failing to direct itself properly regarding the stringency of the test to be applied when considering whether a difference in availability of medical treatment as between Angola and the UK could play any significant role in bolstering KJ's claim to have the deportation order set aside, let alone whether it could make any significant contribution to establishing that there were other “very compelling circumstances” for the purposes of section 117C(6).” “that the [Convention] does not impose any obligation on the contracting states to provide those liable to deportation with medical treatment lacking in their ‘home countries'. This principle applies even where the consequence will be that the deportee's life will be significantly shortened …” (MM (Zimbabwe) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] EWCA Civ 279 at [17]–[18] per Moses LJ; see also GS (India) v Secretary of State for the Home Department, paras 85–87 per Laws LJ and para 111 per Underhill LJ).[59]The third strand of the decision refers to a lack of support in Dominica for Mr Lewis (see paragraph 96 of the reasoning) and elsewhere to conditions in Dominica. These appear to be connected to the impact on Mr Lewis of deportation (the sort of matters dealt with in exception 1). As the matter will be remitted, it will be necessary for the tribunal to find the relevant facts, and to consider whether those facts are such that the public interest does not require deportation of a serious offender because they amount to very compelling circumstances over and above those in exceptions 1 and 2.

The factors in section 117B of the 2002 Act

[60]Section 117A(2) of the 2002 Act does require a First-tier Tribunal to have regard to the factors listed in section 117B when considering whether an interference with a person’s right to respect for his private and family life is justified.[61]Section 117B(3) of the 2002 Act provides that it is in the public interest, and in particular the economic well-being of the United Kingdom, that persons are financially independent because they are not then a burden on taxpayers and are better able integrate into society. As accepted, Mr Lewis is not financially independent, not least as he has been in prison for many years. The First-tier Tribunal did not consider that factor.[62]Section 117B(5) of the 2002 Act provides that little weight is to be given to a private life established by a person at a time when the person’s immigration status is precarious. In the present case, Mr Lewis came to the United Kingdom on a visitor’s visa at the age of 14. Following an appeal to the First-tier Tribunal, the Secretary of State granted him limited leave at various stages. His leave to remain expired on 16 October 2015, when he was a 22 year old adult. There is a reference in an earlier First-tier Tribunal decision to him being eligible to apply for indefinite leave. The fact is that Mr Lewis was not granted indefinite leave and did not challenge the decisions to grant him limited leave. Between the ages of 14 and 22, therefore, Mr Lewis’ leave was precarious in the sense that is used in section 117B(5) of the 2002 Act. More significantly, perhaps, he did not apply for leave after his existing leave expired on 16 October 2015. He has taken no steps to regularise his immigration status in the United Kingdom. He has remained in the United Kingdom without leave (as required by section 3(2) of the 1971 Act) and unlawfully since 16 October 2015. The correct approach, therefore, to assessing the weight to be given to his private life is that it was precarious for the first 8 years of his time in the United Kingdom and he has been here unlawfully since 16 October 2015. That was not the approach which the First-tier Tribunal took. Conclusion[63]I would allow ground 1 of the appeal. The First-tier Tribunal did err in its approach to sections 117B and 117C(6) of the 2002 Act and the matter will need to be remitted to be considered afresh. GROUND 2 – WHETHER THE UPPER TRIBUNAL ERRED Submissions

GROUND 2 – WHETHER THE UPPER TRIBUNAL ERRED

[64]Both parties accept that if the First-tier Tribunal erred in law, then the decision of the Upper Tribunal must also be set aside as it failed to allow the appeal against the decision of the First-tier Tribunal.[65]Mr Skinner also identified discrete errors on the part of the Upper Tribunal. First, he submitted that the Upper Tribunal erred in saying that the question of whether there were very compelling circumstances was a question of fact when the decision involved legal conclusions. Second, the Upper Tribunal was wrong to say that the factors in section 117B “were to be read in favour of Mr Lewis”. Thirdly, the Upper Tribunal was wrong to say it did not need to consider the individual grounds of appeal. As it was dismissing the appeal, it had to consider the grounds upon which it said that the First-tier Tribunal erred.[66]Mr Chirico sensibly accepted that the Upper Tribunal had erred in the way described in the first and third points and, in so far as concerned the fact that Mr Lewis was not financially independently, its conclusion that section 117B favoured Mr Lewis was wrong.

Discussion

[67]An appeal to the Upper Tribunal is only available on a point of law: see section 11(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. Further, the Upper Tribunal should be cautious not to find a misdirection in law because it would have reached a different conclusion on the facts (see AH (Sudan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] 1 AC 678 per Baroness Hale at paragraph 20).[68]In the present case, however, the Upper Tribunal failed properly to consider whether the First-tier Tribunal had made legal errors in its approach to the determination of the appeal. In particular, the Upper Tribunal was wrong when it said that “the decision whether there were very compelling circumstances that outweighed the public interest in Mr Lewis’ deportation was a finding of fact, rather than law”.[69]The question of what circumstances exist will involve findings of fact. The assessment of whether such circumstances amount to very compelling circumstances, over and above those described in exceptions 1 and 2, involve legal questions. The assessment has to be conducted in accordance with the statutory framework established by Parliament in Part 5A of the 2002 Act. The First-tier Tribunal must reach conclusions which are open to it on the facts that it finds. In the present case, the First-tier Tribunal did not properly apply the statutory framework and consequently it erred in law. Further, the First-tier Tribunal either did not find, or did not identify in its reasoning, the facts necessary in order to reach a conclusion that there very compelling circumstances over and above those described in exceptions 1 and 2. As indicated above, the First-tier Tribunal did not do that in a number of important respects. The courts have emphasised the importance of conducting the assessment in accordance with the legislative framework, and recognising the force of the public interest in the deportation of foreign criminals: see, for example, the decision of the Court of Appeal in NA (Pakistan) at paragraphs 11 and 22 and its decision on the individual cases before it at paragraphs 51 and 61.[70]In the present case, it is accepted that the Upper Tribunal erred in its approach to its task. It erred in treating the factors in section 117B as favouring Mr Lewis. The respondent accepts that in relation to the fact that Mr Lewis is not financially independent (which is not a factor which favours him). Further, for the reasons given above, the correct position is that little weight should be given to Mr Lewis’ private life as that was formed when his immigration status was precarious (until 16 October 2015) and he was here unlawfully after that date. Further, as the parties accept, as the Upper Tribunal was proposing to dismiss the appeal it had to consider the grounds of appeal and provide sufficient reasons to demonstrate why those grounds failed. In any event, as the parties accept, if this Court finds that the Upper Tribunal should have allowed the appeal as the First-tier Tribunal had erred, the Upper Tribunal itself erred in not doing so.[71]I would, therefore, allow ground 2 of the appeal.

Conclusion

[72]I would allow the appeal on grounds 1 and 2. The First-tier Tribunal did approach the assessment of whether there were very compelling circumstances over and above those described in exceptions 1 and 2 erroneously. The Upper Tribunal further erred in its consideration of the appeal. The matter will need to be remitted so that the relevant facts can be found, and an assessment made, in the light of the statutory framework, of whether those facts give rise to very compelling circumstances over and above those described in exceptions 1 and 2 such that the public interest does not require the deportation of Mr Lewis. LORD JUSTICE STUART SMITH[73]I agree. LORD JUSTICE MOYLAN[74]I also agree.

Cited in 2 later judgments