IN THE MATTER OF A PETITION BY 1. FORD DODGE ANIMAL HEALTH LIMITED 2. ARTHUR WEBSTER PTY LIMITED 3. WEBSTER ANIMAL HEALTH (UK) LIMITED 4. WILLOWS FRANCIS LIMITED 5. FORT DODGE ANIMAL HEALTH BENELUX BV v IN THE MATTER OF THE PATENTS ACT 1977 [1997] EWCA Civ 3096

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF JUDICATURE
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM THE
CHANCERY DIVISION
(PATENT'S COURT)
(MR JUSTICE LADDIE)
[1997] EWCA Civ 3096Case No CHPC1 97/1395/BVenue Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London WC2
Between
IN THE MATTER OF A PETITION BY 1. FORD DODGE ANIMAL HEALTH LIMITED 2. ARTHUR WEBSTER PTY LIMITED 3. WEBSTER ANIMAL HEALTH (UK) LIMITED 4. WILLOWS FRANCIS LIMITED 5. FORT DODGE ANIMAL HEALTH BENELUX BVAppellantsIN THE MATTER OF THE PATENTS ACT 1977AND IN THE MATTER OF EUROPEAN PATENT (UK) NO 189 958 IN THE NAME OF AKZO NOBEL NV LICENSED TO INTERVET INTERNATIONAL BVRespondents
Before
The Master of the RollsLord WoolfLord Justice AldousLord Justice ChadwickMR MICHAEL SILVERLEAF QC (Instructed by Messrs Linklaters & Paines, London EC2Y 8MQ) appeared on behalf of the Appellants.MR P PRESCOTT QC and MR A SPEAK (Instructed by Messrs Herbert Smith, London EC2A 2HS) appeared on behalf of the Respondents.Date 27 October 1997
[1]LORD WOOLF, MR: This is the judgment of the Court. The Appellants have petitioned in the English Patents Court to revoke EP (UK) No 0189958 which is owned by the first Respondent, Akzo Nobel NV. The other Respondent, Intervet International BV, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Akzo and claims to have an exclusive licence under the patent.[2]The Appellants seek to reverse the order of Laddie J of 16 October 1997 which refused to grant relief which, in essence, would have prevented the Respondents from maintaining legal proceedings in the Netherlands for infringement of the United Kingdom patent in respect of acts committed in England. The Appellants contend that such relief is appropriate because the United Kingdom Courts have sole jurisdiction to determine the dispute. They say that is urgent as the proceedings which the Respondents have commenced in the Netherlands, seeking relief both in respect of acts committed in the Netherlands and acts committed in the United Kingdom, are about to be heard. For this reason and to enable the Netherlands Courts to know our views we have expedited this appeal. The Facts[3]Akzo are a large multinational company domiciled in the Netherlands. They are the owners of the United Kingdom patent and a corresponding Dutch patent. Both patents stem from an application filed at the European Patent Office on 21 January 1986. They claim as the invention a vaccine used to prevent infection of dogs by the canine parvovirus (CPV) and the method of its preparation. The method involves use of CPV strain 1 - 404.[4]There are five Appellants. The first, Fort Dodge Animal Health Limited is part of the American Home Products Group of Companies. It is domiciled in England. It is named as the eighth Defendant in the Dutch proceedings. It was the sixth Defendant before it changed to its present name. There is no evidence before us that it has committed or has been involved in any act that would constitute an infringement of the Dutch patent and we understand that the complaint of Akzo relates to acts committed within the United Kingdom.[5]The second Appellant, Arthur Webster Pty Limited, is an Australian company which is also part of the American Home Products Group. It is the first Defendant in the Dutch proceedings. It is alleged to have delivered infringing vaccines to the first Appellant for, we understand, sale in the United Kingdom and to the fifth Appellant for sale in the Netherlands.[6]The third Appellant, Webster Animal Health (UK) Limited, and the fourth Appellant, Willows Francis Limited, are also part of the American Home Products Group. They are domiciled in England and are the third and fourth Defendants in the Dutch proceedings. There is no allegation or evidence that they have committed or been involved in any act which could infringe the Dutch patent, but it is alleged that the second Appellant is infringing the United Kingdom patent.[7]The fifth Appellant, Fort Dodge Animal Health Benelux BV, is a Dutch company which is also part of the same group. They have carried out acts in the Netherlands which are alleged to infringe the Dutch patent.[8]Upon the evidence, one of the Appellants is domiciled in the Netherlands. One is domiciled in Australia and the rest in the United Kingdom. It is not alleged that any of the United Kingdom domiciled companies have actively participated in the acts of any company which are alleged to infringe the Dutch patent. What is alleged is that they have carried out acts which are alleged to infringe the United Kingdom patent.[9]The vaccine that is alleged by Akzo to infringe the patents was originally produced in Australia by a company in the Arthur Webster Group. The right to market such a vaccine came through the acquisition by American Cyanamid of the Arthur Webster business and the subsequent merger of American Cyanamid into the American Home Products Group.[10]According to the Appellants, their CPV cannot come within the ambit of the United Kingdom Akzo patent as it is made from a strain of the virus known as V 89042601 which is different to strain 1 - 404 referred to in the Akzo patents. That fact should have been apparent to Akzo as the Appellants' vaccine has been on the market in the United Kingdom since 1991. The method of production of the petitioners' vaccine is described in the relevant Arthur Webster patent EP no. 0485463 which was applied for on 8 July 1989 and was published in May 1990.[11]On 28 April 1997, Akzo and Intervet commenced proceedings in the Netherlands seeking both preliminary and final relief in respect of alleged acts of infringement of both the Dutch patent and the United Kingdom patent. It is contemplated that, subject to appeal, a decision, at least on interim relief, will be reached after a hearing due to take place on 7 November 1997.[12]On 22 September 1997 the Appellants petitioned the English Patents Court for revocation of the Akzo United Kingdom patent. In their pleading they allege that the United Kingdom patent was invalid and should be revoked because it lacked novelty, was obvious, was insufficient, extended beyond that disclosed in the application and that claim 6 was not a claim to a patentable invention. The answer to that petition was due within 21 days. It is likely that if the proceedings are prosecuted by the parties with diligence, it can be determined at first instance in about a year to 18 months time. The dispute[13]The Appellants' case on the application before Laddie J and before us is that in the circumstances of this case the only court which has jurisdiction to determine whether the Appellants have infringed the United Kingdom patent is the English Patents Court. That being so, it is said that prosecution of that claim in the Dutch Courts against Appellants domiciled in the United Kingdom is vexatious and should be restrained by injunction. Alternatively, if there be doubt on the question of jurisdiction, guidance should be sought from the European Court of Justice as to the true construction of the relevant Conventions and in the meantime there should be an injunction to protect the Appellants' position. Alternatively, if the Patents Court does not have exclusive jurisdiction by reason of the relevant Conventions, it is nevertheless the appropriate Court to decide all issues relating to the United Kingdom patent and therefore the relief sought should be granted.[14]The Respondents contend that the Dutch Courts do have jurisdiction to determine the matters raised in their pleaded case in the Dutch proceedings and in particular to determine whether the Appellants who are domiciled in the United Kingdom are infringing the United Kingdom patent. In any case, the United Kingdom Courts have no jurisdiction to grant the relief sought on the present application and should not do so. The correct course is to leave it to the Dutch Court to decide whether it has the appropriate jurisdiction.[15]At the outset we make it clear that we do not believe that consideration of the procedures adopted by the Dutch Courts to resolve patent disputes is material to the issue before us nor is it appropriate for the Courts of the United Kingdom to voice any opinion upon them. At the heart of the dispute between the parties is whether the English Patents Court has exclusive jurisdiction in respect of the issues concerning the United Kingdom patent. That does not depend upon whether the Respondents are seeking to litigate in the Netherlands as opposed to another State which is a signatory to the Brussels Convention.[16]One of the purposes of the Brussels and Lugano Conventions was to eliminate disputes as to where actions should be decided and to avoid the need to consider whether one jurisdiction was more appropriate than another. It is therefore necessary to look to those Conventions for a solution. The Brussels Convention[17]The Brussels Convention, by Section 2 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, has the force of law in the United Kingdom. It has to be interpreted in accordance with the principles laid down by and any relevant decision of the European Court of Justice. Further the relevant reports, such as the Jenard and Schlosser reports, may be considered to ascertain the meaning or effect of any provision of the Convention.[18]The relevant provisions of the Brussels Convention are these. TITLE II JURISDICTION SECTION I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 2 Subject to the provisions of this Convention, persons domiciled in a Contracting State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that State. Persons who are not nationals of the State in which they are domiciled shall be governed by the rules of jurisdiction applicable to nationals of that State. Article 3 Persons domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued in the courts of another Contracting State only by virtue of the rules set out in Sections 2 to 6 of this Title. In particular the following provisions shall not be applicable as against them - - in the United Kingdom: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on:(a) the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in the United Kingdom; or(b) the presence within the United Kingdom of property belonging to the defendant; or(c) the seizure of the plaintiff of property situated in the United Kingdom. SECTION 2 SPECIAL JURISDICTION Article 5 A person domiciled in a Contracting State may, in another Contracting State, be sued:- (3) In matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. Article 6 A person domiciled in a Contracting State may also be sued 1. Where he is one of a number of defendants in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled SECTION 5 EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION Article 16 The following courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, regardless of domicile: 4. In proceedings concerned with the registration or validity of patents, trade marks, designs, or other similar rights required to be deposited or registered, the courts of the Contracting State in which the deposit or registration has been applied for, has taken place or is under the terms of an international convention deemed to have taken place. SECTION 7 EXAMINATION AS TO JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY Article 19 Where a court of a Contracting State is seised of a claim which is principally concerned with a matter over which the courts of another Contracting State have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction. SECTION 8 LIS PENDENS - RELATED ACTIONS Article 21 Where proceedings involving the same cause of action and between the same parties are brought in the courts of different Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised shall of its own motion stay its proceedings until such time as the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established. Where the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established, any court other than the court first seised shall decline jurisdiction in favour of that court. SECTION 9 PROVISIONAL, INCLUDING PROTECTIVE, MEASURES Article 24 Application may be made to the courts of a Contracting State for such provisional, including protective, measures as may be available under the law of that State, even if, under this Convention, the courts of another Contracting State have jurisdiction as to the substance of the matter. TITLE III RECOGNITION Article 28 Moreover, a judgment shall not be recognised if it conflicts with the provisions of Sections 3, 4 or 5 of Title II, or in a case provided for in Article 59. In its examination of the grounds of jurisdiction referred to in the foregoing paragraph, the court or authority applied to shall be bound by the findings of fact on which the court of the State of origin based its jurisdiction. TITLE VII RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CONVENTIONS Article 57 1. This Convention shall not affect any conventions to which the Contracting States are or will be parties and which in relation to particular matters, govern jurisdiction or the recognition or enforcement of judgments. 2. With a view to its uniform interpretation, paragraph 1 shall be applied in the following manner:[19]As is clear from the heading to Section 1, Article 2 sets out the general rule, namely that a Defendant must be sued in his home State. That general rule is subject to the special jurisdictions provided for in Articles 5-15. Thus in matters relating to tort, a Defendant may be sued in the Courts of the State where the harmful event occurred (Article 5(3)) or in the State of the Defendants' domicile.[20]We believe that Articles 2 and 5(3), subject to the exclusion contained in Article 16, apply to actions in respect of intellectual property rights. Thus an owner of an appropriate right can take proceedings in respect of that right either in the country of domicile of the Defendant or where the infringement takes place. The decision to that effect of Lloyd J in Gareth Pearce v Ove Arup Partnership Ltd (1997) FSR 641 was correct.[21]Mr Silverleaf QC who appeared for the Appellants submitted that such a conclusion was contrary to the Paris Convention of 1883 as revised, the Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (commonly referred to as TRIPS), the European Patent Convention and Article 222 of the Treaty of Rome. We do not believe that these Conventions or the Treaty are directly concerned with jurisdiction. No doubt it was contemplated, prior to the Brussels Convention, that intellectual property rights, being national rights, would be litigated in the State where the right was registered. Indeed there are cases in this country which so held. Even so, those Conventions and the Treaty are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Brussels Convention which apply to intellectual property rights just as much as to other rights. That we believe to be acte clair.[22]Article 6(1) provides another special jurisdiction in that a Defendant, who is one of a number of Defendants, may be sued in the State where one of them is domiciled. The Article has been interpreted as being an exception to the general rule and is to be treated in such a way as to avoid the principle set out in Articles 1 to 5 being called into question. In Kalfelis v Schroder, Case 189/87 (1988) ECR 5565 , the European Court said that there must be a connection between the claim made against the person not domiciled in the State where the litigation is pending and the claim made against the party domiciled in that State. The connection must be of "such a kind that it is expedient to determine those actions together in order to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings."[23]In the present case there has been no examination of the facts and therefore no concluded view can be reached as to whether there is the necessary connection in respect of some of the Appellants. However, a number of Appellants are only alleged to have infringed the United Kingdom patent and it would appear tenuous to suggest that it was expedient to determine together an action for infringement of a Dutch patent, with which they are not concerned, and a United Kingdom patent with which they are, so as to avoid irreconcilable judgments. They are actions relating to two different national rights. True they stem from the same patent application and similar rules of construction will be applicable, but the rights given by those patents are national rights limited in territory to the State in which they are registered and the ambit of the monopolies will not necessarily be the same as amendment is possible. There is no risk of irreconcilable judgments because a judgment on infringement in the United Kingdom will depend upon a national right having effect only in the United Kingdom. The same applies to a judgment on the Dutch patent.[24]Article 16 is in Section 5 of the Convention which contains exceptions to the general rule. It is headed "Exclusive Jurisdiction". Article 16(4) provides that the Courts of the State in which a patent is registered have exclusive jurisdiction "in proceedings concerned with the registration or validity" of the patent. There can be no doubt that all proceedings for revocation of a patent have to be decided by the Court of the State where the patent is registered. In this case proceedings for revocation of the United Kingdom patent have to be decided by the English Patents Court. That also applies to proceedings "concerned with the registration or validity of patents". What is the ambit of those words?[25]In the Jenard Report (OJC59 5.3.79 p36), Article 16(4) is considered. The Report concludes that:
"Since the grant of a national patent is an exercise of national sovereignty, Article 16(4) of the Judgments Convention provides for exclusive jurisdiction in proceedings concerned with the validity of patents. Other actions, including those for infringement of patents, are governed by the general rules of the Convention."
[26]It follows that Article 16(4) should be construed as differentiating between actions for infringement and proceedings concerned with validity.[27]In the United Kingdom it is possible to have both an action for infringement by a patentee and the equivalent action for a declaration of non-infringement by a person threatened by a patent. Where questions of infringement and validity both arise it is invariably not possible to conclude there is infringement without validity being determined. An extreme example, known as a Gillette defence, is where the alleged infringer's case is that the patent is invalid if the alleged infringing acts fall within the ambit of the claims. That appears to be part of the Appellants' contentions in this case. It follows that the split contemplated in the Jenard Report between actions for infringement and proceedings concerned with validity cannot always be made.[28]Article 64 of the European Patent Convention states that a European patent confers on its proprietor the same rights as those of a national patent and that infringement shall be dealt with by national law. In the United Kingdom those rights are defined in Section 60 of the Patents Act 1977. They are rights which apply only so long as the patent is in force. In proceedings for infringement, validity of the patent is often disputed and, if the attack on the patent is successful, it will be revoked pursuant to Section 72 of the 1977 Act. Such revocation has the effect of revoking the grant of the patent and therefore its registration as a patent, and is the reason for the view held in the United Kingdom that it is not possible to infringe an invalid patent. In many cases the attack on the patent prompts the patentee to seek amendment so as to limit the ambit of his monopoly. In the United Kingdom that is possible under Section 75 of the 1977 Act. Any amendment has effect and is deemed always to have had effect from the grant of the patent (s.75(2)).[29]As Article 64 of the European Patent Convention requires the national law to be determinative of what will and what will not amount to infringement, it follows that when there is a bona fide challenge to the validity of a United Kingdom patent, any proceedings for infringement must in English eyes be "concerned with" the validity of the patent. Often, perhaps normally, the issue of validity will be the principal element of the dispute. No conclusion as to the chances of a claim of infringement succeeding can be made until a decision has been reached as to the strength of the allegations of invalidity. No concluded view on infringement can be reached until a decision has been reached as to whether any amendment should be made and the attack on the patent has been rejected.[30]In the present case the Appellants have raised a substantial attack on the validity of the United Kingdom patent and also intend to rely upon a Gillette defence. This is a case therefore in which no conclusion on the infringement can be reached without consideration of the validity of the patent. We believe that for the purposes of Article 19 the claim by the Respondents in respect of acts carried out in the United Kingdom are principally concerned with validity of the United Kingdom patent and therefore by reason of that Article and Article 16 the claim falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United Kingdom Court.[31]In our view Laddie J was correct in Coin Controls Ltd v Suzo International (UK) Ltd (1997) FSR 660 at page 676 when he said:
"As I have said, validity is frequently in issue, and sometimes the most important issue, in English patent infringement proceedings. This is now enshrined in section 74(l)(a) of the Patents Act 1977. We have always taken the view that you cannot infringe an invalid patent. This was restated by Aldous J in the passage from Plastus quoted above. However the fact that the defendant can challenge validity does not mean that he will. In Plastus he did not. Until he does, only infringement is in issue and the approach in Pearce applies. The court cannot decline jurisdiction on the basis of mere suspicions as to what defence may be run. But once the defendant raises the validity the court must hand the proceedings over to the courts having exclusive jurisdiction over that issue. Further, since Article 19 obliges the court to decline jurisdiction in relation to claims which are "principally" concerned with Article 16 issues, it seems to follow that jurisdiction over all of the claim, including that part which is not within Article 16 must be declined. It may well be that if there are multiple discrete issues before a court it will be possible to sever one or more claims form another and to decline to accept jurisdiction only over those covered by Article 16, but I do not believe that that approach applies where infringement and validity of an intellectual property right are concerned. They are so closely interrelated that they should treated for jurisdiction purposes as one issue or claim."
[32]Article 24 relates to provisional, including protective, measures. As explained in the Jenard Report application may be made to the Courts of a Contracting State for such provisional measures as may be available under the internal law of that State. However, the measures must be provisional and, in our view, granted in aid of or as an adjunct to some final determination then in contemplation.[33]Upon the evidence before this Court, provisional relief by way of injunction would not be granted in the United Kingdom to restrain continuance by the Appellants of the acts complained of as infringement because of the delay by the Respondents in taking action. However that delay may or may not be determinative in the eyes of a Dutch Court. But that is the Court in which Akzo seek provisional relief in respect of acts taking place in the United Kingdom, and it is for that Court to determine the effect of the delay.[34]Mr Silverleaf accepts that a Dutch Court has to apply Dutch law when deciding whether to grant provisional relief pursuant to the jurisdiction conferred by Article 24. He submits that the United Kingdom Patents Courts has by reason of Articles 2, 5 and 16(4) exclusive jurisdiction over the dispute between Akzo and the English domiciled Appellants relating to the United Kingdom patent. It follows, he submits, that provisional relief could only be granted in aid of or as an adjunct to a final determination in the United Kingdom Courts. Akzo have not initiated any proceedings in the United Kingdom and have not stated any intention of doing so. It followed that there was no jurisdiction under Article 24 to grant provisional relief as sought by Akzo.[35]Mr Prescott QC, who appeared for the Respondents, submits that the Dutch Court can order provisional relief as an adjunct to Akzo's claim for final relief in the Dutch proceedings. That provisional relief would do justice between the parties pending resolution of the question of validity by the United Kingdom Patents Court.[36]The crucial difference between the submissions of the parties is the effect of Article 16(4). If the United Kingdom Courts have exclusive jurisdiction over the dispute concerning the United Kingdom patent, then there is no justification for the Respondents attempting to obtain from the Dutch Court even provisional relief as an aid to or an adjunct of the claim for final relief in respect of the United Kingdom patent. It would be vexatious to seek such relief. If our conclusion as to the proper application of Article 16(4) is correct, it follows that Article 24 does not provide jurisdiction to grant provisional relief restraining infringement within the United Kingdom as an adjunct to the claim for full relief pleaded in the Dutch proceedings. The question of relief[37]We have expressed definite views as to the construction of Articles 16(4) and 24 and their application to the facts. We have also expressed views as to the ambit of Article 6. However we accept that a contrary opinion is tenable. The matter is accordingly not "acte clair". The question which view is right is one of considerable importance to the enforcement of intellectual property rights in jurisdictions subject to the Brussels Convention. We believe that it is necessary for the European Court of Justice to consider the construction of those Articles and their application to the facts and therefore it would be right to refer appropriate questions to that Court. That we believe to be the correct course, despite the submission of Mr Prescott that we did not have jurisdiction to grant any relief and that in any case no reference should be made because it was not necessary. We turn to give our reasons why those submissions should not be accepted.[38]Mr Prescott submitted that this Court has no jurisdiction to grant an injunction in favour of the United Kingdom domiciled Appellants which would restrain Akzo from maintaining proceedings before the Dutch Court in respect of the United Kingdom patent. To support that submission he referred us to Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium (1964) ECR 625 at 631, Commission v France (1979) ECR 2729 at 2739, The Queen v MAFF, ex parte Hedly Lomas (1996) ECR 2553.[39]The judgments in those cases were concerned with inter-state disputes not with a dispute between individuals, as in this case. They do not support the submission which we believe to be wrong. The United Kingdom Courts have jurisdiction to prevent vexation and oppression by persons subject to their jurisdiction. In particular, the Courts are entitled to prevent persons domiciled in this country from being submitted to vexatious or oppressive litigation whether started or to be started in this country or another country. As was stated in the advice of the Privy Council in Societe National Industrielle Aerospatiale v Lee Kui Jak (1987) 1 AC 871, a Court can restrain a person from pursuing proceedings in a foreign Court where a remedy is available both in that foreign Court and this country, but will only do so if pursuit by the person "would be vexatious or oppressive." Further, since such an order indirectly affects the foreign Court, the jurisdiction must be exercised with caution and only if the ends of justice so require. We emphasise that injunctions granted for such purposes are directed against the vexatious party and not the courts of the other jurisdiction.[40]In the present case we have concluded that the dispute relating to the United Kingdom patent comes, by reason of Article 16(4), within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United Kingdom Patents Court. We have also concluded that the matter is not "acte clair". In those circumstances we do not consider we would be justified in reaching a final conclusion that the pursuit, by Akzo, of the claim in the Dutch Courts in respect of the United Kingdom patent would be vexatious. It follows that we are not prepared to grant a final injunction at this time. The reference is necessary in order to decide whether final relief by way of injunction or declaration would be appropriate. We now therefore proceed to consider whether interim relief by way of injunction or otherwise would be appropriate pending the determination of the reference to the European Court.[41]Despite the fact that the relief would be directed against the Respondents, we have in mind that it would indirectly affect the Dutch Court which has not yet considered what action, if any, would be appropriate. We have every confidence that the Dutch Court will, when deciding what to do, take into account that this Court will be referring to the European Court of Justice questions to elucidate how Articles 6, 16(4), 19 and 24 should be applied to the dispute. It will give proper weight to our conclusion that it would be wrong for this Court to anticipate the decision of the European Court. It will, we believe, also consider carefully the other views expressed in this judgment and, of course, the submissions of the parties and the facts. That being so we have come to the conclusion that justice does not require that this Court should grant any relief at this stage. The nature of the parties businesses means that it is most unlikely that they will suffer any significant harm pending the decision of the European Court which will not be compensated by the award of damages.[42]We shall therefore adjourn this appeal pending a judgment of the European Court upon questions to be referred to them. When the views of the European Court are known we shall decide what further relief, if any, is appropriate.

Order

Appeal adjourned. Question of costs of appeal below to be reserved and costs in court below to be stayed.

Cited in 1 later judgment